Development of a Human Computer Interface

Development of a Human Computer Interface Abstract HCI(human computer interaction) has become one of the important aspect in human life. Signals generated from human body are biosignals and has huge potential to be used as an interface for human computer devices. Multiple devices are present that recognizes these boiosignals which is generated during muscle contraction and converting those signals into some command to be used as an input to the HCI devices. However, the task can be acquired through biosignals which forms a neural linkage with the computer techniques like Electro-Encephalogram(EEG), Electrooculogram(EOG), and Electromyogram(EMG). In past, there have been lots of studies wherein many researchers have used biosignals to control other device. EMG is hence, one of the least explored mechanism form of biosignal to be deployed in HCI and its studies are useful for neuromuscular system as certain diseases may slow down muscle contraction and muscle firing leading to paralysis of muscle. Keywords: EMG, HCI, biosignals, skeletal muscles, neural linkage. 1 Introduction HCI is the one of the research area that emerged in early 1980s, which has expanded rapidly it was previously known as a man- machine interaction. HCI focuses on the interface between user and the computer and deals with the design, execution and assessment of computer system and other related receptive that are for human use. Designing interactive computer systems to be effective, efficient, easy and enjoyable to use is important, so that people and society may realize the benefits of computation based devices [1]. The researchers observes the way human interacts with the computer system and design new technologies and interface that lets human and computers to interaction novel ways [2]. Some of the example of popular HCI techniques are image processing, speech recognition, bio signal processing etc. HCIs goal is to minimize the differences between the humans goal of what they want to achieve and the understanding level of computer to perform the task. It relates knowledge from bot h the human and machine side. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, people with different study areas contribute to its success. Figure 1 shows the areas where HCI can be implemented with distinctive importance. Fig.1. Disciplines contribute to HCI [3] EMG is an electro medical procedure for estimating and recording the electrical signals produced by skeletal muscle. EMG is performed using electromyography, to produce an electrical record or signal called electromyogram [4]. An electromyography detects the electric potential generated by skeletal muscle cells when these cells are activated electrically or neurologically. The EMG technology helps capture gestures as inputs for virtual joysticks, keyboards leading to new application in mobile computing etc [5]. This signal can also be analyzed to detect medical abnormalities, activation level, or biomechanics of human movement. The motor neurons of a human body transmit electrical signals that causes muscle to contract and an EMG translate this signals to graphs, sound or numerical values that can be interpreted by analyst. EMGs signal can be easily acquired using electrodes and it is of two types, dry electrode that is direct contact with the skin that records muscles activity from the surface above the muscle on the skin and require more than one electrode, because EMG recording displays the electric potential difference between two separate electrodes, second is gel or inserted EMG which can be performed using a electrolytic gel as a chemical interface between the skin and electrolyte [6]. A needle electrode and fine wire electrode is the example of inserted electrode. Needle electrode is used in clinical areas and the tip of the electrode is bare and used for the surface detection. Fine wire electrode they are easily implanted in and withdrawn from the skeletal muscles, and is less painful then needle electrode. Thus EMG has a variety of clinical and biomedical applications where it is used to diagnose neuromuscular disease and many other disorders of motor control. 2EMG Used for HCI Studies are being carried out for the use of EMG signals inorder to identify disabilities as a significant number of individuals are suffering from severe motor disabilities, due to variety of causes, such as Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Amythorphic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and so on [7]. Therefore, EMG signal are not only used for identifying neuromuscular disorder but can also be as a control signals for prosthetic devices [8]. It is the least explored compared to others biosignals like EEG, EOG etc. EMGs are natural means of HCI because the electrical signals induced by human muscle movement during its contraction represents nueromuscular movement that can be interpreted and transformed into computers control command. EMG signals can be used for a number of applications including clinical applications, HCI and interactive computer gaming. Basically EMG can be used to sense isometric muscular activity which does not transalate into movement thus making it possible to classify subtle mo tionless gestures and to control interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment [9]. The EMG signal have different signatures i.e, two peoples gesture might be identical but their characteristics EMG signals are different interms of their age, muscle development skin fat layer and gesture style. One of the problem of EMG is its signal contains a different type of noise that are caused by equipment noise, electromagnetic radiation etc and hence preprossing is needed to filter out the unwanted noise in EMG signal. 3Related works Researchers have worked on regarding how EMG signal is used to command some other devices like prosthetic arm, robots or enabling people with certain disabilities. These are shown in following paper. In 1996 Yasuharu Koike et.al, [10] developed a human interface employing a model of an arm, robot control of an artificial hand, and the learning of motion capability. The aim of this paper was to construct a complete forward dynamics model of the human arm by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The model has the ability to learn physiological recordings of EMG signals for simultaneous measurement of movement. In 2000 Alsayegh et.al, [11] proposed an EMG based signal where EMG signal is limited to three arm muscles (medial Deltoid) MD, (anterior deltoid) AB, (biceps brachii) BB that was able to recognize 12 arm gestures. The processing of EMG signal is based on arm gestures having unique temporal coordination. The classification technique used is context dependent classification within the framework of Bayes theorem. Not only the unique arm gesture by using EMG signal was developed there were various researchers working in the field of EMG for the people suffering with motor disabilities like hand paralysis, leg paralysis etc. In 2004 Jong sung kim et.al, [12] proposed a natural means of human computer interaction induced by human arms muscle movement and the generated EMG signal to be used as computer commands control. The paper developed an online EMG MOUSE system that controls movement of the cursor, which are interpretation of 6 pre-defined motions, up, down, left, right, click and rest. A Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network (FMMNN) is used as a classifier. In 2005 Inhyuk Moon et.al, [13] proposed a novel wearable EMG based HCI for the wheelchair user with severe motor disabilities caused by C4 and C5 spinal cord injury. The EMG signal is acquired by left, right and both shoulder elevation motion. EMG wearable device directly generates MAV (Mean Average Value) signal from raw EMG. The MAV signal is converted to digital data using AD converter embedded in a high speed microcontroller. The recognized result is sent to the wheelchair controller via Bluetooth communication module. The following year one more paper regarding people suffering from motor disabilities was presented. In 2006 Ki-Hong Kim et.al, [14] developed an interface that relies on EMG signal acquired from human face during contraction of muscle. Electrodes are placed around forehead, cheeks and eyes. The subject was made to perform some actions like blinking of eyes, clenching of teeth, wrinkling of forehead and frowning. The signal is acquired and analyzed using LPC (Linear Prediction Coefficient) and LPC entropy were calculated to find the characteristics information contained in the measured signal. For pattern recognition Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used. Same year some were working on hand gesture recognition. In 2006 Ganesh R Naik ei.al, [15] proposed an approach to identify hand gestures using muscle activity separated from electromyogram using ICA (Independent Component Analysis). The aim of the experiment in this paper was to test the use of ICA for separation of the EMG signals for the purpose of identifying hand gestures and actions. After the recognition of hand gestures and enabling motor disabilities, in 2008 JonghwaKim et.al, [16] proposed modification of a RC car that is controlled by users hand signs, instead of using remote control unit. The interfacing system first calculates relevant features in the EMG signal of four hand signs, classifies the hand signs into the four classes, and assigns the result to certain steering commands for the RC car. For feature extraction RMS was used calculated by observing last 16 incoming values. For classification KNN and Bayes theorem was combined using decision tree and purpose a control the car via PC. Similarly in 2009 Jun-Ru Ren et.al, [17] studied an Electromyogram Based on HCI. This paper showed a control system using forearm electromyography that is proposed for computer peripheral control and artificial prosthesis control. The system intends to realize the commands of six pre defined hand poses i.e. up, down, left, right, yes and no. Power spectral density (PSD) is used to measure signal power intensity and for classifier the Bayesian classifier is used for extracting feature. In the same year Ahsan et.al, [9] classified EMG signal techniques to help improve interface for disabled people. This paper discusses various methodologies and techniques for interpreting EMG signal. Researchers extended their study to multistep EMG classification in 2010 Armando Barreto et.al, [19] proposed a system that can effectively help disabled people from the neck down to interact with computer or communicate with people through computers using point and click graphic interfaces. The EMG signal is generated using facial muscle with a corresponding cursor movement command. In 2011 surface EMG has attracted an attention of researchers for interface signal. Ishii et.al, [20] studied about myoelectric prosthetic in which arm/hand gesture is distinguished by identification of the surface Electromyogram. For identification of motion neural network is used. In 2012 Takeshi Tsujimura et.al, [21] studied Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. The purpose of this paper was to design an uncomplicated system to identify finger motion and to develop innovative HMI. This paper also distinguishes the hand signs by analyzing the forearm EMG signals. It relies on the proposition that the specific muscles of forearm work even if fingers are moved. Researchers studied through multichannel surface EMG signals and in 2014 Han Li et.al, [4] showed HCI system Based on the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition based on the feature extraction, identification, classification and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. In this paper, the four different gestures can be distinguished accurately to complete the real-time interactive process. The experimental results show that the HCI system based on SEMG has high accuracy. Auto regression method is used for analysis of SEMG signal and the classification is done using back propogation technique. In 2015 Ahmed Mehaoua et.al, [18] designed a novel EMG based system that aims to control multimedia player in simple, efficient and flexible manner. The objective of this paper was to provide efficient control system seeking to simplify the life of hand amputee persons by allowing them to control media player through EMG signals generated by muscle activation from forearm contraction. The electrical potential generated allows start, stop a video or switching between a set of media. For detecting muscle contraction four steps is used rectification, filtering, linear envelop and onset contraction and turns the signal into usable form. After detection of muscle contraction, system was enhanced by adding commands like start, stop, previous, next and pause. 4Summary of Survey The survey paper focuses on evaluation and detection of an EMG signal and use of this system for real time. There are many classification methodologies and artificial intelligence techniques based on neural network to classify EMG signal. Some of the techniques are ANN, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) etc. 4.1. Back Propagation Neural Network Back propagation algorithm is applied on the multichannel SEMG [18] of the hand gesture recognition based on the featureextraction and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. BP neural network contains three parts: the BP neural network building, the BP neural network traning and the BP neural network classification.BP neural network building is determined according to the input and output charasteristics of the system structure of the BP neural network. The number of the AR (auto regression) model coefficientof input vector is 16 and the number of the output is 4,so theinput layer has 16 nodes and the output layer has 4 nodes. 4.2. Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network Jong-Sung Kim [12] applied fuzzy mean max neural network (FMMNN) as a classifier for online EMG mouse that controls computer cursor. Also, stochastic values such as integral absolute value were used as features for an appropriate classification of the intended wrist motions. 6 predefined wrist motions to left, right, up, down, click and rest operation were determined. 4.3. Hidden Markov Model Ki-Hong Kim [14] developed an interface using EMG signal from human face.For pattern recognition HMM comprised three states and two Gaussian mixtures per state is employed which is used as a classifier. The standalone interface system was implemented and the subject (people as volunteers) were able to make the wheelchair turn left, right, forward and backward by simple action provided by them. Classification is done by comparing the likelihood values of an arbitrary feature sequence evaluated from four HMMs, HMML, HMMR, HMMF, and HMMB for left, right, forward, and backward, respectively, and selecting the model with the maximum value. 4.4. Bayes Network Alsayegh et.al, [11] presented an EMG-based human-machine interface system that interprets arm gestures in the 3-dimensional (3D) space. Gestures are interpreted by sensing the activities of three muscles, namely, anterior deltoid (AD), medial deltoid (MD), and biceps brachii (BB) muscles. The problem of gesture classification is carried out in a framework of the statistical pattern recognition. The processing of the EMG signals utilizes the temporal coordination activity of the monitored muscles to identify a particular gesture. The classification procedure is carried out by constructing successive feature vectors for each gesture. These feature vectors describe the gestures temporal signature. This type of classification is referred to as the context-dependent classification, which is carried out in this study within the framework of Bayes theorem. The development of an EMG based interface for hand gesture recognition is presented by Jonghwa Kim et.al, [16]. For realizing real-time classification assuring acceptable recognition accuracy, they introduced the combination of two simple linear classifiers (K-nearest neighbour (KNN) KNN and Bayes) in decision level fusion. Table 1 provides the summary of the survey in accordance with the methodologies used in various papers. It provides the description of the success rate resulted by the use of classification techniques. Table 1.Summary of major methods used for EMG classification Classifier used Title Researchers Description Back Propagation Neural Network Human computer interaction system design based on surface EMG signals. Han Li , Xi Chen, et.al, (2014) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢93% success rate in the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Auto-regressive model method is used. Hidden Markov Model A practical biosignal-based human interface applicable to the assistive systems for people with motor impairment. Ki-Hong Kim et.al (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢97% success rate in developing an interface using human face. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Subject was able to turn left, right, forward and backward. Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network A new means of HCI: EMG-mouse. Jong-sung Kim et.al, (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Stochastic values such as integral absolute values were used as feature extraction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Six distinctive wrist motions can be classified well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Pattern recognition rate of each wrist motions is above 90%. Bayes Network A practical EMG-based human-computer interface for users with motor disabilities. Alsayegh et.al,(2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢classification is done in a framework of statistical pattern recognition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢classification rate reported was 96%. EMG-based hand gesture recognition for realtime biosignal interfacing. Jonghwa Kim et,al, (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢K-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) classifier added with Bayes to obtain good result à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Average classification rate reported was over 94%. 5Conclusion Developing better human computer interface will help improve quality of life of people suffering from physical disabilities. EMG signal is one of the natural technique that captures electrical signals from human body for the use of HCI and provides an interface for human and computer to interact appropriotely. This survey paper focuses on the work of various researchers, the methodologies used for the classification of EMG signal. Therefore, it can be concluded from the survey of various paper that neural network has been used as a prominent classification technique of EMG signal for HCI. For future works new and more enchanced classification techniques can be developed besides neural network, a work can be done in creating light weight EMG signal, multiclass hand process and on-line processing. References Dix, A.: Human-computer interaction. (pp. 1327-1331). Springer US (2009) Andurkar, A. G., Andurkar, R. G.: Human-computer interaction. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol.2, issue.6, (2015) Human computer Interaction: An Overview, http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~hcso/ee4213_ch1.pdf Li, H., Chen, X., Li, P.: Human-computer interaction system design based on surface EMG signals. In: Modelling Identification Control (ICMIC) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on (pp. 94-98). IEEE (2014, December) Chowdhury, R. H., Reaz, M. B., Bakar, A. A., Hasan, M. S.: Muscle Technology. 6(12), 2192-2196, (2013) Day, S.: Important factors in surface EMG measurement. Bortec Biomedical Ltd publishers, 1-17, (2002) Barreto, A. B., Scargle, S. D., Adjouadi, M.: A practical EMG-based human-computer interface for users with motor disabilities. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 37(1), 53, (2000) Ali, A. A., Albarahany, A., Quan, L.: EMG signals detection technique in voluntary muscle movement. In: Information Science and Service Science and Data Mining (ISSDM), 6th International Conference on New Trends in (pp. 738-742). IEEE, (2012, October) Ahsan, M. R., Ibrahimy, M. I., Khalifa, O. O.: EMG signal classification for human computer interaction: a review. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33(3), 480-501, (2009) Koike, Y., Kawato, M.: Human interface using surface electromyography signals. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science), 79(9), 15-22, (1996) Alsayegh, O. A.: EMG-based signal processing system for interpreting arm gestures. In: Signal Processing Conference, 2000 10th European (pp. 1-4). IEEE, (2000, September) Kim, J. S., Jeong, H., Son, W.: A new means of HCI: EMG-mouse. In: Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2004 IEEE International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 100-104). IEEE, (2004, October) Moon, I., Lee, M., Chu, J., Mun, M.: Wearable EMG-based HCI for electric-powered wheelchair users with motor disabilities. In: Robotics and Automation, 2005. ICRA 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 2649-2654). IEEE, (2005, April) Ki-Hong, K. I. M., Jae-Kwon, Y. O. O., Kim, H. K., Wookho, S. O. N., Soo-Young, L. E. E.: A practical biosignal-based human interface applicable to the assistive systems for people with motor impairment. IEICE transactions on information and systems, 89(10), 2644-2652, (2006) Naik, G. R., Kumar, D. K., Singh, V. P., Palaniswami, M.: Hand gestures for HCI using ICA of EMG. In: Proceedings of the HCSNet workshop on Use of vision in human-computer interaction-Volume 56 (pp. 67-72). Australian Computer Society, Inc., (2006, November) Kim, J., Mastnik, S., Andrà ©, E.: EMG-based hand gesture recognition for realtime biosignal interfacing. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on intelligent user interfaces (pp. 30-39). ACM, (2008, January) Ren, J. R., Liu, T. J., Huang, Y., Yao, D. Z.: A study of Electromyogram based on human-computer interface. Journal of electronic science and technology of China, 7(1), 69-73, (2009) Hammi, M. T., Salem, O., Mehaoua, A.: An EMG-based Human-Machine Interface to control multimedia player. In: E-health Networking, Application Services (HealthCom), 2015 17th International Conference on (pp. 274-279). IEE, (2015, October). Ren, P., Barreto, A., Adjouadi, M.: Multi-step EMG classification algorithm for human-computer interaction. In: Innovations in Computing Sciences and Software Engineering (pp. 183-188). Springer Netherlands, (2010) Ishii, C.: Recognition of Finger Motions for Myoelectric Prosthetic Hand via Surface EMG. INTECH Open Access Publisher, (2011) Tsujimura, T., Yamamoto, S., Izumi, K.: Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES, 309, (2012)

Prevention Plan for Divorce Before Marriage

Phuong Ho Prof. Janice Falbert CDFS 321 Section 9 Personal Relationships Wellness Philosophy Paper (PRW) Fall 2012 Marriage is one of the most essential factors of human life. It creates the basis for everyone to pursue a better, healthier, and happier life. However, it is the fact that there are more and more couples marrying and then ending up with divorce, and this rate is increasing faster year by year. Actually, all the divorce cases are originated from some of the forms of emotional illness that gradually appear in each partner during the time of their relationship.It is good to cure these forms of emotional illness to solve the martial problems of the specific patients. However; it is absolutely the best when the original points are studied and determined before they become the serious and fatal clues to damage marriage. What I am talking about here is the prevention efforts to be applied to the time period before couples marry, not after. I also present my Prevention Plan con taining the ideas, of preventing any chances that can cause divorce, for pre-marital couples.This is the ultimate result of the combination of my total knowledge about marriage and the practical philosophy of Primary Prevention material. It is true that relationship before marriage plays an important role in coupled life ahead; it also builds the foundation for the good, healthy, and happy marriage. However, it is completely wrong saying that dating works effectively to screen out future divorces, particularly those that occur early in marriage.Actually, dating does not have anything to do with the separation of married couples. The point here is that dating and marriage are different. Of course dating is important to lead to marriage. However, dating is a step to get two people closer and to see if they are for each other, and marriage is a commitment with full of incidents and probabilities. Loving someone, committing to him/her, and living together for the rest of your life are t otally different. This illustrates well for the divorces happening early in marriage.Many troublesome things happen when marriage life starts out. Things change dramatically, and the couples have to work through themselves or asking for professional help or divorces is the consequence. Another reason to say that dating is nothing to do with future divorces is that dating not working out leads to break-up right after that. People do not wait until they get into marriage, and then regret for what happen and say goodbye to each other. It does not work this way.Really, problems can appear during the dating; couples tend to learn how to overcome it (just like married ones); however, if they cannot find the same solution for this problem, break-up is easy to be brought up right away. Separation in dating is a lot simpler and easier than marriage. No such couples resist each other’s problems until they get married. As what I said previously, my Prevention Plan, which I will introduc e to you, is built upon my martial knowledge and the information from Primary Prevention material. So what is Primary Prevention?It is actually a distinct level from the three-tier model, which is pretty much similar to the main Prevention model, containing Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, and Tertiary Prevention. Secondary Prevention (treatment activities) is about trying to decrease the length of time an individual or family experiences an emotionally distressful situation; Tertiary Prevention (rehabilitation activities) is about preventing the recurrence of a debilitating problem and to restore as high as possible the level of individual and family reorganization.Like the other two, Primary Prevention, considered as a hybrid form originated from Prevention, has its own characteristics and techniques, which are about aiming to reduce the incidence of new cases of mental disorder in the population by fighting against harmful forces which operate in the community and by str engthening the capacity of people to resist stress. So, unlike the purpose of Secondary Prevention shortening the time the patients resist and purpose of Tertiary Prevention avoiding the repetition of the illness, the Primary Prevention is more straightened method of anti-emotional-distress.It focuses directly on the fight against the mental illness created during the process by helping patients develop the abilities to avoid stress. Primary Prevention focuses mainly on groups of patients but for the specific problems that those groups obtain. To get a wider and deeper view of these concepts, let get back to the original Prevention. The fact is that the perception of Prevention is not new at all. The ideas that mental distress might be prevented and eliminated happened a long time ago, back to the ancient time.However, the fully attainable concept of Prevention as a Public Health treatment was recently developed when the number of serious mentally ill patients as well as divorces go es higher and faster. Prevention provides strategies that not only help all the patients take part in avoid illness and promoting health, but also enlighten the misunderstanding and wrong claims and opinions about emotional distress. Really, there were any people bringing on the ideas saying that major illness is surely in large part genetically determined and is absolutely not preventable, at most modifiable.Prevention proves that these ideas are wrong and that mental problems are not such diseases that can be hinted to any microorganism or DNA thread. They are actually troubles derived from the very normal routine life of each individual. Sometimes they can be cause from the factors of that patient’s life like family, friends, colleagues†¦; sometimes they are from the patient himself/herself. Therefore, because those problems are not genetic and instinctive, it is easy to result that they can be controlled, prevented, and eliminated. 4] So, how does Prevention do its j obs as a helpful treatment of promoting mental health and avoiding illness? The answer is in its technology given by four specific tools as Education, Community Organization, Competency Promotion, and Natural Caregiving. Each of them has different perspective, way of approaching, and practical application but they all have the same purpose of preventing mentally illness and promoting health. [3] My Plan of prevention of Divorce is a combination of martial and relationship tips, academic and proved material, and practically social information.The points are simple rules and tips to some people in their lives, but these people are failed to recognize or even ignore and underestimate them. This leads to number of serious consequences to their marriage lives, even divorces. As I mentioned, all my attention will be the Prevention applied to the time period before couples married. Firstly, the optimal step for the all couples before they commit to each other in order to have a good and st able marriage is to question themselves and each other â€Å"Am I sure? Are you sure? [6] That means a premarital couple have to make sure the other is the only one and their ultimate finish of love. Both of them have to make it clear that the other one think the same and is literally willing to commit to this life ahead. [5] There are some couples rushing to marriage by their contemporary passion and feeling without thinking reasonably. Certainly, this kind of marriage later will obtain many obstacles and problems and suffer from the multiple consequences including divorce if they do not ask for any help. Marriage is an important thing ever happening to a person.Make sure that is the right one and be ready to spend the rest time of your life with him/her. [1] The second point of the Prevention Plan is â€Å"Professional help is not supplementary, at all. † Some couples think they are fine with everything; all they need to do is go ahead and be ready for a wedding without th inking twice about this as a big incident that will change their lives forever. Premarital counseling is extremely important that helps couples have a clearer and more complete view of what is going happen and how things change dramatically after they become husbands and wives.Besides, this is also a chance for the couples to make up their mind again and see if the other one is really the one. This may create disappointments for some couples when they think they already know everything about their relationship (but they do not). However, this is one of the most effective ways to prevent the probability of divorces happen right before the marriage happens. [2] Another thing that affects most to the stability of marriage life of any couple is â€Å"Defining expectations can help build a good plan. † Any victorious battle has its own strategy.What are the expectations? They are intentions, standards, rules that are summed up by both sides of couple and will be applied for their future family. The same with this situation, a happy future house is not only built with love, but also with wisdom and knowledge. The expectations can be only found, treasured, and carried by communication, and the best way to communicate is, of course, talking. [6] Beside building, reinforcing, and enriching the love, respect, understanding to each other, the couples should take time having some serious talking, discussing about their future family.Many things this talking can come with are such as finance, children, sex, housework, religion, jobs†¦ Having a clearer and practical view of these factors can help couples avoid many unexpected issues popping up in their future life together. It will be a lot easier and simpler to avoid, deal with and fix these problems when the insiders already know the concepts of original issues. [2] Many people think it is wasting of time and unnecessary to spend their time for their future marriages while they have not even get married yet.Ac tually, this period of time is the bridge between the dating and marriage. Maybe dating does not work effectively to screen out future divorces, particularly those that occur early in marriage; however, preventing is much better than fixing. This period of time is the most magnificent transition step for couple to reinforce their points of view, concepts, and knowledge about the marital lives waiting for them ahead. Therefore, I can surely say that my Prevention Plan will work effectively in any society, including a nation with a high rate of divorces like U.S. As you can see above, this plan with three general tips is simple and trivial point in premarital relationship; however, missing, ignoring or even misusing them can lead to serious problems. Not only the citizens are educated about marriage promoting and divorce preventing, but also the influence of mental health service in U. S. will get more appreciations, attentions, and profits from the public. These profits can help impr ove the U. S’s medical health development in many ways also.The open behaviors that I encourage couples to do are completely suitably helpful for Americans especially young people to develop themselves a confidence in dealing with different situations that life brings to them. Number of stably happy families maintains and improves; divorce decreases; society is higher in standards; the country is stronger. The best way to get the Prevention Plan maximized its power is to publicize and popularize them as a guide for premarital, engaged, or long-termed couples.The therapists, professionals, or mentalists of Marital Mental Healthcare need to know about and encourage the couples to apply it. The plan should be also introduced to people by media like Science newspapers, Family or Health magazines, the online articles†¦ In order to get more results, the government also should legalize the law that each premarital couple have to take mandatory Marriage and Family course in orde r to have better perspectives of what they are going to face in the near future and to give them a chance to rethink if what they are doing is right or wrong.This will raise a flow of opposing ideas from media and public about imposing and frustrating premarital couples. This Prevention working means the rate of marriage of U. S. will decrease in some way also due to the cut way of couples who realize they are not ready for marriage. The birth rate is also stable due to the couples already talked about children issues before marriage. There are absolutely less poor or foster-care children due to the number of broken families reduce. The children’s future life quality is more clearly defined in a positive way. [1]Divorce rate decrease can lead to many social advantages and benefits to both people and government. My plan simply gives a little help to the couples that will be the future husbands or wives. Hopefully with its help, our nation will develop in a stable tempo. Though my plan plays as a tool to prevent Divorce for couples before marriage, it is the most important when the couples themselves are willing to do what the plan says. References 1. â€Å"How do you know that you married the right person? † Available: http://www. marriagemax. com/prevent-divorce. asp 2. Prevent Divorce before you get married. † June 22, 2009. Available: http://www. crosswalk. com/family/marriage/prevent-divorce-before-you-get-married-11605052. html 3. â€Å"Wellness – Primary Prevention. † Material. 4. Primary Prevention and its technology. † Material. 5. Marriage and the family: Diversity and Strengths (7th Edition). Olson-DeFrain – Skogrand. Chapter 9: Friendship, Intimacy, Friendship. Material. 6. â€Å"Preventing Divorce Before you Say ‘I Do’. † January 30, 2007. Available: http://voices. yahoo. com/preventing-divorce-say-do-177817. html

A Secret Weapon for Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students

A Secret Weapon for Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students Luckily, this kind of assignment doesn't have a particular structure, because everything is dependent upon the subject, audience, place, and timing. Hence, if you're going to stick to the preceding suggestions then you might have the ability to compose your argumentative persuasive essay in almost no time. If your essay is describing a process, like how to make a huge chocolate cake, make sure your paragraphs fall in the proper purchase. This essay will end up being 300 to 600 words, so in the event you pick solid examples and make certain you're very clear in your explanations of things, it won't tough to reach. What Everybody Dislikes About Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students and Why Assume that the reader doesn't know anything about the matter. In the majority of cases, you will need to develop a topic that will enable other people to realize your standpoint, and telling them to feel that what you write is true. When you select the right topic you shall allow it to be attractive to the reader. The Do's and Don'ts of Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students Thus, include data in the shape of statistics, experiments, research material that will help you support your essay argument. Such essays shall have a good deal of quotations, based just on facts and laws, and show no more than the actual picture of the instance. Next, you must consider the method on how you need to relay it to your readers. A plant's capability to absorb water is dependent on the nutrition of the soil. When it is argumentative or informative essays, you have to develop a topic that could grab the interest of the reader right away and this isn't such an easy job. Your individual ideas and opinions in the paper has to be supported with arguments. If you haven't been assigned a topic, you have a bit more work to do. If you're already searching for persuasive essay examples online you most li kely have a somewhat vague idea on how best to get started writing. When you're assigned to compose a process analysis essay, you will want to think about an intriguing topic as a way to make this paper more impressive. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you want. If you're given the subject, you ought to think about the sort of paper that you need to produce. It is crucial to decide on a great topic to be able to compose a wonderful paper. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment. You must have skills to compose a great essay. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick specific topics and get started writing about them. You should utilize APA reference tools to help in writing your essay the right way or employ an expert essay writer that may write the essay working with the APA reference tools. No matter the mission of the essay, make sure you're interested in your topic. Incase you ponder ways to get essay, it's a fundamental system. The real leadership essay is simple to read and understand. It isn't the exact same as writing a profile essay, and you must show all your writing and persuasive skills. It is a good idea to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical rates. To be certain you are on the most suitable way you will need help in writing your paperwork. Reread your paper and check to see whether it is reasonable. Up in Arms About Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students? Last, review what you've written. College is for a high amount of study. Students have to finish a lot of writing assignments during college years. Ther efore, many students and employees decide to purchase cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. Since you can see, several of the topics listed are new and tackle the recent issues happening in the World today. Based on the age group of your audience, you can choose the topic and do the required research. Since you can see, several of the topics listed are new and tackle the present issues interesting in the World today. Deciding upon the correct topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy matter to do as it might seem. The Tried and True Method for Persuasive Essay Topics for Colleges Students in Step by Step Detail As soon as you imitate the job written by somebody else and move it as your individual it's generally referred to as plagiarism. In addition, it would likewise be far better choose one where you have some experience in. There are lots of things you wish to live, many things you feel, and you simply don't know if a number of the situations you do are ok or not. Get your essay done a day or two before the due date in order to have sufficient time to return and revise it to make it polished.

Different Materials That Are Needed For Best Complete This...

Methods In order to complete this experiment there are 14 different materials that are needed to best complete this project and have accurate results. Here’s what’s necessary to complete this experiment: American Olean 10-Pack Satinglo Ice White Thru Body Porcelain Mosaic Random Indoor/Outdoor Floor Tile Tablespoon Tap water Lipton tea Root Beer Folgers coffee Great Value Lemonade 4 oz. containers Tweezers Hammer Paper towels Lined paper 12 oz. cup Swiss Miss Hot Chocolate stain scale This experiment was developed through research of multiple websites, that are trustworthy websites. These multiple websites had different ways of completing the question about drinks staining teeth. By finding these different websites the best ideas were formed. This experiment was formed online and changed to better fit new data. The original idea was found on education.com but the experiment was, does tea stain teeth? This experiments question was changed to, do darker drinks stain teeth darker than lighter drinks? It was changed to this to be able to test more than one drink. To increase the accuracy of the data there were three trials performed. This experiment only requires three trials because the trials are easy to complete, which will give accurate data. These methods were chosen to have the most reliable data and have a good understanding of the experiment. 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