Club Drugs Essay - 1018 Words

Its 6 oclock on a Saturday morning and while some teenagers are enjoying the extra hours of sleep, many are still bouncing around to the sounds of techno music. Thousands of teenagers and even some adults gather into clubs decorated with black lights, disco balls, and tons of smoke machines. Their hearts are pounding and their pulse is racing at the speed of light, all compliments of designer drugs known as club drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Changing the molecular structure of an existing drug or drugs to create a new substance creates designer drugs (Kusinitz 151). The all night dance parties, known as raves, are about the wildest thing going from midnight till dawn, and often beyond. Just because these drugs may portray†¦show more content†¦Ecstasy is a combination of other illicit drugs. Because many different recipes are used to make Ecstasy, the risk of death and permanent brain damage are heightened when some substances are combined (NIDA). The bottom line with this drug is you never know what is in the $5-$20 pill you just bought, so the safest bet would be to do without it. The use of Ecstasy has led to more powerful drugs such as Ketamine, known on the streets as Special K, or K. Special K emerged as a recreational drug in the 1970s and was known as Vitamin K in the underground club scene in the 1980s (Kusinitz 44). It resurfaced in the 1990s as Special K in the rave scene (45). Normally found in an injectable form, it is converted to powder and re-packaged into small ziplock bags or capsules (46). This powerful hallucinogen is generally snorted, and is occasionally sprinkled on tobacco or marijuana and smoked (NIDA). Special K is usually combined with other drugs, such as Ecstasy or cocaine, to enhance the high. The high, called the K-Hole, can last anywhere from 30 minutes to 2 hours and can produce hallucinations that include visual distortions and a lost sense of time and identity(NIDA). Sold by the vials, K runs around $10-$30 and is available widely throughout raves (Mass 16). The most common form of hallucinogen and the easiest to get at raves, is LSD. Commonly known as acid, it is sold for $3-$5 a hit and can last up to 12Show MoreRelated Club Drugs Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessounds of techno music. Thousands of teenagers and even some adults gather into clubs decorated with black lights, disco balls, and tons of smoke machines. Their hearts are pounding and their pulse is racing at the speed of light, all compliments of designer drugs known as club drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Changing the molecular structure of an existing drug or drugs to create a new substance creates designer drugs (Kusinitz 151). The all night dance parties, known as raves, are about theRead More Club Drugs and Teens Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesa common target of anti-drug campaigns and government advertisements. The goal of these campaigns is to make teens and young adults aware of the dangers associated wi th drug use. While these campaigns are generally effective, teens are still greatly tempted by the dangerous, exciting, and fast-paced world of club drugs. Despite the information they are constantly receiving from their teachers, parents, and government media, some teenagers will still adamantly pursue drugs in hopes of finding â€Å"a goodRead MoreCase Study : Club Drugs Addiction1474 Words   |  6 PagesAfterPartyChat: Club Drugs Addiction Beginning with discothà ¨que scene of the 1970s, the recreational and often psychedelic substances commonly known as â€Å"club drugs† maintained their prominence in later decades at nightclubs, concerts, and raves all across the United States. These substances gained their moniker because their use became commonplace in settings where users wanted to enhance their experiences, most frequently used at clubs with loud music, dramatic lights, and countless people dancingRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Case Of Banned Performance -enhancing Drug At The Club2014 Words   |  9 Pagesperformance -enhancing drug at the club, where he works. The two healthcare professionals involved in this case will be the physiotherapist and sports scientist. The essay will also discuss the rights and dignity of the players, principles of health care ethics and will propose a legal and defensible resolution for this situation, with the help of relevant code of ethics and professional conduct. †¢ Stakeholders and Healthcare Professionals Kamil as an employer of AFL club is a sports physiotherapistRead MoreOn Raves and Club Drugs1058 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we don’t have to worry about anything in our life, that we part of a family where everyone respects each other. That’s what made us feel different and being part of something that not many people could tell back in the days. Can’t deny that club drugs helped to achieve this feeling and it was a massive part of it as well. We were confused teenagers who desperately tried to find the way to make sense of this whole world. We wanted to choose our way of life against from a prescribed life whatRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Club Drugs1252 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Drug Free World, an estimated 208 million people use illicit drugs internationally. Some people take them at home or out with friends, but one of the main places drugs are common is on the dance floor. Club drugs have become increasingly prevalent in our culture and there seems to be no signs of stopping. With how easily these drugs seem to get into clubs the problem is becoming larger and larger. These substances, whether its smoked, swallowed, inhaled, or injected, are extremely dangerousRead MoreFight Club Analysis1678 Words   |  7 PagesDo you find yourself lost, searching for self-worth in modern Society? The Narrator in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club struggles with insomnia due to his repetitive nine to five office -job. He longs to feel alive, thinking that purchasing materialistic objects and conforming to what modern society considers the norm will fill his void. Tyler Durden, The Narrators alter ego states, â€Å"the first step to eternal life is you have to die† (Palahniuk 11). His extreme statement represents that one mustRead MoreThe Issue Of Insider Outsider972 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiences and processes (e.g. White customers refer Black dancers as a gold digger if they asked for money directly; Black dancers always non-scheduled to perform in a more lucrative booth) that Black exotic dancers gone through within the exotic dance club environments, and is also a member of her researched group since she was a Black exotic dancer and familiarised with the sex worker movement prior to her research (Siobhan, 2010). For McClelland and Newell, their research on the influence on motheringRead MoreThe Fight Club By Chuck Palahniuk1309 Words   |  6 PagesSenior English: Fight Club Essay 8 September 2014 Violence as a Coping Method In the novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, what it means to be alive is examined through violent underground boxing rings, featured in cities around the world. The story follows an unnamed narrator, who lives a monotonous yet well off life, and his alter ego, Tyler Durden, a more freethinking and violent character, as he explores himself and the essence of living through participating in a fight club. Growing from the narrator’sRead MoreInterpersonal1363 Words   |  6 PagesHunter Davis-Interpersonal Communication Fight Club Fight Club, a 1999 American film, is a brilliantly constructed film of escaping reality and dealing with pain in the famous art form of fighting. Director David Flincher adapted the film from the 1996 novel. Main actors, Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden and Edward Norton as the narrator, act excellently as they deal with their reality by celebrating violence in underground fight clubs. The narrator becomes involved in a relationship triangle between

Documenting The Depression Essay - 1041 Words

Documenting the Depression: The FSA photographers and Rural Poverty nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Great Depression fell hard in the year of 1935 bringing what seemed to some people the end of the world. But in truth, the Great Depression was nothing near the end of the world, in fact the year of 1935 was not the first year nor was it the last year that many families had suffered and went hungry due to lack of work. Families forced to leave their home. Children going in hunger while their bellies pierced with pain. Mothers trying desperately to keep the family together while holding the brunt of the problems due to the depression. The husbands feeling the guilt for not having a job and thinking that it is his fault. Children scream†¦show more content†¦Because of that exhibit, people discovered that some things had not changed at all since than: rural poverty, racial discrimination, and social injustice. The exhibit helped shed new light to what really happened during those times. For the people that went through the depression, it may have brought back memories †Å"Don’t forget were you steamed from† someone once said and for the people who may never know what it is like to be taken away from all you know and forced to live in poverty, it helped shed new light to the meaning, â€Å"There is no place like home.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The pictures show the evidence. The faces of the people, worn out and etched with worry. The children full of dirt and grit. The families gathered around but with no smiles. I will never know exactly how hard those times were for those people, nor will anyone else who did not live in those times. But the pictures, well they speak for themselves. I was asked to answer the question, â€Å"What messages did these photographs send to middle-class Americans who saw them† but my only conclusion is fear. I do not think that they felt guilty during that time period because it wasn’t them. I actually think that they considered themselves lucky and considered the poverty stricken to have gotten what they deserve. The once-fertile farmlandsShow MoreRelatedSocial And Social Support And Spirituality1590 Words   |  7 Pagesand assess her risk for dementia (Appendix I) (Borson, Scanlan, Brush, Vitallano, Dokmak, 2000). She scored a 5, indicating a negative screen for dementia. The client scored a 3 on the Geriatric Depression Scale (Appendix J) (Kurlowicz, 1982), indicating that she is not likely suffering from depression, but she may be at risk for it. The concerns for M.L. are that she often feels very bored, lonely, and unmotivated. M.L. stated that she slips into moods were she cries a lot and feels so hopelessRead MoreThe And Purpose Of The Self Efficacy Theory1635 Words   |  7 Pagesencouragement. The adult might want to keep documenting it so that they get the messages and see what the program says about their reading. This encouragement, although it is not from their peers, would make the patients more likely to try the program and continue using it. The ease of documenting their blood glucose level in the internet portal and app could have relived some of their stress. These positive feelings could help encourage the patient to continue documenting their glucose level. This deals withRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Ant enatal Depression813 Words   |  4 Pagesto 30, with depression indicated at a cut-off score of ≠¥10 in postpartum studies (Cox, Holden, Sagovsky, 1987). It is considered highly reliable for postpartum screening with a sensitivity of over 90% and a specificity between 77% and 88% (Chaudron et al., 2010). The EPDS is considered a more effective tool in antenatal screening compared to other recognized depression screening instruments such as the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) or the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)(FreedRead MoreCognitive Theory1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts, feelings or behavior. Adolescent interventions have centered on behavior modification, this has been used to both change and manage behavior. An example of an exercise used to assist clients is documenting daily events that bring on unwanted actions. Adolescents suffering from depression are often asked to record thoughts on situations happening is day to day life. When a situation happens that furthers or intensifies the clients unwanted behavior, thoughts are recorded, this is to monitorRead MoreThe Gibbs Model Of Reflection1618 Words   |  7 Pagesphysician is thinking Clostridium difficle. In addition, when a patient is moved from a general ward to a single room for isolation , visitation is usually restricted to immediate family and sometimes loneliness during hospitalization can lead to depression and the feeling of being ostracize. Therefore we must be very careful and certain that we have all the relevant information before making a decision that can affect a patient negatively. The situation left me very distressed and only on reflectionRead MoreCase Study Coun 6461643 Words   |  7 Pagesin severity. Documenting the critical issues, diagnostic impressions, and treatment recommendations are imperative to successfully helping the client deal with the issues and possibly minimize the risk of future relapse in recovery. Addressing the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects will help to guide the therapist through developing the most accurate treatment model for the patient. Key Issues Listing the key issues through priority, rationale, and documenting possible treatmentRead MoreCase Study Of Delayed-Onset Post Traumatic Stress Disorder917 Words   |  4 Pages Depression is a big business; big pharmaceutical companies are investing millions in finding relief for those that are immune to current selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SRNI) medications. SRNI and SSRI targets the serotonin receptors and neurotransmitter to assist with regulating mood by blocking the reuptake process. This allows serotonin to build up between neurons so messages can be sent correctly. It does a balancing act and regulatesRead MoreA Community Mental Health Team822 Words   |  4 Pagestime in practice with a community mental health team in the Northeast of England I came across a lady in her mid-twenties who had just recently gave birth to a child. My mentor and I had to go and assess her due to her showing symptoms of postnatal depression, it was important to assess the safety of her and her new-born child and to see if she was able to care for the child. NICE guidelines have set out guidelines which he lp us as nurses identify maltreatment, nurses and other healthcare professionalRead MoreRelationship Between Physicians And Patients897 Words   |  4 Pagessuffer from depression live around us and maybe they are so close to us as relatives and friends. People might be aware to recognize and help those people to be as a part of process of their medication. The most important point here is that the relationships between physicians and patients. A good communication between them means physicians can realize their patients, and also they can effectively diagnose their patients. According to National Institute of Mental Health (2016), â€Å"depression is commonRead MoreThe Relationship Between Madness And Creativity, By Katherine M. Thomas And Marshall Duke1209 Words   |  5 Pagessamples from depressed writers versus the writing samples of those who weren’t. Duke and Thomas found that there is a need for analyzing works of writing because it may provide understanding in the relationship, which will lead to an understanding of depression and mental illness. Due to this widely known relationship, some may look at mental illness in a positive light. This relationship may cause people to look at the distortions as simply art; thus, diminishing the severity of mental illness. When looking

Thanksgiving Traditions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 511 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Thanksgiving Essay Did you like this example? We all, modern day humans, each celebrate Thanksgiving in a different way. We each have our own traditions we do with our family on Thanksgiving, we all have certain activities we do at certain times, like writing down what were thankful for, right before the traditional Thanksgiving feast. Our traditions are significantly different from the first feasts before us, but a couple traditions remain, like the tradition of spending times with family and enjoying wonderful food. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Thanksgiving Traditions" essay for you Create order It was argued about by many historians, but many can identify the first Thanksgiving celebration, as in September 1620, where the Pilgrims shared a meal with the Indians in that area. It was September 1620, when the Mayflower left Plymouth, England, carrying 106 passengers, with hopes of prosperity in the New World. Only half of the passengers would make it to their first New England spring, the other died of things like disease. The half-crew was greeted by an English-speaking Abenaki Indian, who later brought an Indian named Squanto, who taught them about the surrounding wilderness around them, and showed them how to raise crops, fish, and avoid the dangerous plants in the area. When the Pilgrims first corn harvest turned out successful, they held a festival which lasted three days, they invited the native Indians in the area, who, with the help of Squanto, they forged an alliance with. This meal would be recorded in history as The First Thanksgiving, although other civilizations much earlier than this one would also have a celebration of thanks. The general Thanksgiving tradition has changed over the years. In the Pilgrim or Ancient times, Thanksgiving, or their giving thanks festivals, had a bit more meaning than it has now. For starters, it had a bit more religious significance, and by a bit I mean that they saw this kind of celebration as a way to celebrate their gods, some fasting up to the event, and eating on it as a way of celebrating the gods. To others, such as the Pilgrims, it was to celebrate their harvest of corn, and maybe, just maybe, surviving to even be there, celebrating the harvest, instead of being on a small, cold, hungry boat. Our Thanksgiving, however, holds less religious significance than it may have back then. For us now, the general Thanksgiving belief is revolved mainly around family and celebrating an elaborate feast. Turkey has become a symbol for Thanksgiving itself and is widely known tradition to eat it on the Thanksgiving day, and 90% of Americans eat it on this day. This turkey usually comes with its gravy, pumpkin pie, cranberry sauce, and mashed potatoes. Even though we may not honor the gods on Thanksgiving, or celebrate our corn harvests like our ancestors, Thanksgiving is a time many spend and honor with their families. We especially honor the idea of thankfulness and celebrate it each year. Works Cited: Bold, Cambria. 10 Thanksgiving Traditions Were Stealing from Our Readers. Kitchn, Apartment Therapy, LLC., 16 Nov. 2018, www.thekitchn.com/10-lovely-thanksgiving-traditions-were-stealing-for-ourselves-226051. History.com Editors. Thanksgiving 2018. History.com, AE Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/thanksgiving/history-of-thanksgiving.

Media Exposure And Substance Use - 1951 Words

The amount of studies on the relationships between media use and substance use is miniscule in comparison to the importance of the topic. According to Primack, Kraemer, Fine, and Dalton (2009), on average, adolescents in the United States are exposed to media for over 8.5 hours per day when taking into consideration multitasking. Primack et al. aimed to study which media exposures are most strongly associated with marijuana and alcohol use among adolescents. In order to study this, the team created a survey that assessed media exposure, substance use, and sociodemographic characteristics and distributed it to a large suburban high school outside of Pittsburgh. Although the current study focused on the use of substances among college†¦show more content†¦Alcohol marketers have started to move their advertising efforts into digital and social media venues (Hoffman et al., 2014). Researchers estimate that approximately two-thirds of alcohol marketing is conducted via new media. Famous music, movies, and television shows have noticeable references to alcohol and drugs, these references as well as the move of advertising to digital and social media venues. The research team of Hoffman et al. continued research of the links among social media use and alcohol-related digital marketing. College students completed online surveys to measure their exposure to social and online media in general and their alcohol-related digital media use and alcohol use. Hoffman et al. found that young people with a positive conotation to alcohol advertising hold more favorable expectancies for drinking, approve of drinking at higher levels, believe drinking is common, and have greater intentions to drink than those that have a negative response to alcohol advertising. Overall, the results showed that participants’ use of digital media alcohol-marketing applications predicted their alcohol consumption and problem drinking. Hoffman et al.’s study gave insight on colle ge student’s opinions on marketing and alcohol and drug use instead of just investigating how prevalent it is in media. The current study included student’s views on marketing to fully understand if the marketing truly affects student’s opinions (see

The Crystal Shard 18. Biggrin’s House Free Essays

Drizzt and Wulfgar were pleasantly surprised when they found the back entrance to the verbeeg lair. It sat high up on the steep incline on the western side of the rocky outcropping. Piles of garbage and bones lay strewn about the ground at the bottom of the rocks, and a thin but steady stream of smoke wafted out of the open cave, scented with the flavors of roasting mutton. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 18. Biggrin’s House or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two companions crouched in the brush below the entrance for a short while, noting the degree of activity. The moon had come up, bright and clear, and the night had lightened considerably. â€Å"I wonder if we’ll be in time for dinner,† remarked the drow, still smirking wryly. Wulfgar shook his head and laughed at the dark elf’s uncanny composure. Although the two often heard sounds from the shadows just beyond the opening, pots clanging and occasional voices, no giant showed itself outside the cave until shortly before moonset. A fat verbeeg, presumably the lair’s cook from its dress, shuffled out onto the doorstep and dumped a load of garbage from a large iron pot down the slope. â€Å"He’s mine,† said Drizzt, suddenly serious. â€Å"Can you provide a distraction?† â€Å"The cat will do,† Wulfgar answered, though he wasn’t keen on being alone with Guenhwyvar. Drizzt crept up the rocky slope, trying to stay in the dark shadows as he went. He knew that he would remain vulnerable in the moonlight until he got above the entrance, but the climb proved rougher than he had expected and the going was slow. When he was almost to the opening, he heard the giant chef stirring by the entrance, apparently lifting a second pot of garbage for dumping. But the drow had nowhere to go. A call from within the cave diverted the cook’s attention. Realizing how little time he had to get to safety, Drizzt sprinted the last few feet to the door level and peered around the corner into the torchlit kitchen. The room was roughly square with a large stone oven on the wall across from the cave entrance. Next to the oven was a wooden door slightly ajar, and behind this Drizzt heard several giant voices. The cook was nowhere in sight, but a pot of garbage sat on the floor just inside the entrance. â€Å"He’ll be back soon,† the drow muttered to himself as he picked his handholds and crept noiselessly up the wall and above the cave entrance. At the base of the slope, a nervous Wulfgar sat absolutely motionless as Guenhwyvar stalked back and forth before him. A few minutes later the giant chef came out with the pot. As the verbeeg dumped the garbage, Guenhwyvar moved into view. One great leap took the cat to the base of the slope. Tilting its head up at the cook, the black panther growled. â€Å"Ah, git outa here, ye mangy puss,† snapped the giant, apparently unimpressed and unsurprised by the sudden appearance of the panther, â€Å"afore I squash yer head an’ drop ye into a stewin’ pot.† The verbeeg’s threat was an idle one. Even as it stood shaking an oversized fist, its attention fully on the cat, the dark shape that was Drizzt Do’Urden sprang from the wall onto its back. His scimitars already in hand, the drow wasted no time in cutting an ear-to-ear smile into the giant’s throat. Without uttering a cry the verbeeg tumbled down the rocks to settle in with the rest of the garbage. Abruptly Drizzt dropped to the cave step and spun around, praying that no other giants had entered the kitchen. He was safe for the moment. The room was empty. As Guenhwyvar and then Wulfgar crested the ledge, he signaled to them silently to follow him in. The kitchen was small (for giants) and sparsely stocked. There was one table on the right wall which held several pans. Next to it was a large chopping block with a garish cleaver, rusty and jagged and apparently unwashed for weeks, buried into it. Over to Drizzt’s left were shelves holding spices and herbs and other supplies. The drow went to investigate these as Wulfgar moved to peer into the adjoining – and occupied – room. Also square, this second area was a bit larger than the kitchen. A long table divided the room in half, and beyond it, directly across from where he stood, Wulfgar saw a second door. Three giants sat at the side of the table closest to Wulfgar, a fourth stood between them and the door, and two more sat on the opposite side. The group feasted on mutton and slurped thick stew, all the while cursing and taunting each other – a typical dinner gathering of verbeeg. Wulfgar noted with more than a passing interest that the monsters tore the meat from the bones with their bare hands. There weren’t any weapons in the room. Drizzt, holding a bag he had found on the shelves, drew one of his scimitars again and moved with Guenhwyvar to join Wulfgar. â€Å"Six,† Wulfgar whispered, pointing to the room. The big barbarian hoisted Aegis-fang and nodded eagerly. Drizzt peeked through the door and quickly formulated an attack plan. He pointed to Wulfgar, then to the door. â€Å"Right,† he whispered. Then he indicated himself. â€Å"Behind you, left.† Wulfgar understood him perfectly, but wondered why he hadn’t included Guenhwyvar. The barbarian pointed to the cat. Drizzt merely shrugged and smiled, and Wulfgar understood. Even the skeptical barbarian was confident that Guenhwyvar would figure out where it best fit in. Wulfgar shook the nervous tingles out of his muscles and clenched Aegis-fang tightly. With a quick wink to his companion, he burst through the door and pounced at the nearest target. The giant, the only one of the group standing at the time, managed to turn and face his attacker, but that was all. Aegis-fang swung in a low sweep and rose with deadly accuracy, smashing into its belly. Driving upward, it crushed the giant’s lower chest. With his incredible strength, Wulfgar actually lifted the huge monster several feet off of the ground. It fell, broken and breathless, beside the barbarian, but he paid it no more heed; he was already planning his second strike. Drizzt, Guenhwyvar close on his heels, rushed past his friend toward the two stunned giants seated farthest to the left at the table. He jerked open the bag he held and twirled as he reached his targets, blinding them in a puff of flour. The drow never slowed as he passed, gouging his scimitar into the throat of one of the powdered verbeeg and then rolling backward over the top of the wooden table. Guenhwyvar sprang on the other giant, his powerful jaws tearing out the monster’s groin. The two verbeeg on the far side of the table were the first of their group to truly react. One leaped to stand ready to meet Drizzt’s whirling charge, while the second, unwittingly singling itself out as Wulfgar’s next target, bolted for the back door. Wulfgar marked the escaping giant quickly and launched Aegis-fang without hesitation. If Drizzt, at that time in midroll across the table, had realized just how close his form had come to intercepting the twirling war-hammer, he might have had a few choice words for his friend. But the hammer found its mark, bashing into the verbeeg’s shoulder and knocking the monster into the wall with enough force to break its neck. The giant Drizzt had gored lay squirming on the floor, clutching its throat in a futile attempt to quell the flow of its lifeblood. And Guenhwyvar was having little trouble dispatching the other. Only two verbeeg remained to fight. Drizzt finished his roll and landed on his feet on the far side of the table, nimbly dodging the grasp of the waiting verbeeg. He darted around, putting himself between his opponent and the door. The giant, its huge hands outstretched, spun around and charged. But the drow’s second scimitar was out with the first, interweaving in a mesmerizing dance of death. As each blade flashed out, it sent another of the giant’s gnarled fingers spinning to the floor. Soon the verbeeg had nothing more than two bloodied stumps where its hands had once been. Enraged beyond sanity, it swung its clublike arms wildly. Drizzt’s scimitar quickly slipped under the side of its skull, ending the creature’s madness. Meanwhile, the last giant had rushed the unarmed barbarian. It wrapped its huge arms around Wulfgar and lifted him into the air, trying to squeeze the life out of him. Wulfgar tightened his muscles in a desperate attempt to prevent his larger foe from snapping the bones in his back. The barbarian had trouble finding his breath. Enraged he slammed his fist into the giant’s chin and raised his hand for a second blow. But then, following the dweomer that Bruenor had cast upon it, the magical war hammer was back in his grasp. With a howl of glee, Wulfgar drove home the butt end of Aegis-fang and put out the giant’s eye. The giant loosened its grip, reeling backward in agony. The world had become such a blur of pain to the monster that it didn’t even see Aegis-fang arcing over Wulfgar’s head and speeding toward its skull. It felt a hot explosion as the heavy hammer split open its head, bouncing the lifeless body into the table and knocking stew and mutton all over the floor. â€Å"Don’t spill the food!† cried Drizzt in mock anger as he rushed to retrieve a particularly juicy-looking chop. Suddenly they heard heavy-booted footsteps and shouts coming down the corridor behind the second door. â€Å"Back outside!† yelled Wulfgar as he turned toward the kitchen. â€Å"Hold!† shouted Drizzt. â€Å"The fun is just beginning!† He pointed to a dim, torchlit tunnel that ran off the left wall of the room. â€Å"Down there! Quickly!† Wulfgar knew that they were pushing their luck, but once again he found himself listening to the elf. And once again the barbarian was smiling. Wulfgar passed the heavy wooden supports at the beginning of the tunnel and raced off into the dimness. He had gone about thirty feet, Guenhwyvar loping uncomfortably close at his side, when he realized that Drizzt wasn’t following. He turned around just in time to see the drow stroll casually out of the room and past the wooden beams. Drizzt had sheathed his scimitars. Instead, he held a long dagger, its wicked tip planted firmly into a piece of mutton. â€Å"The giants?† asked Wulfgar from the darkness. Drizzt stepped to the side, behind one of the massive wooden beams. â€Å"Right behind me,† he explained calmly as he tore another bite off of his meal. Wulfgar’s jaw dropped open when a pack of frothing verbeeg charged into the tunnel, never noticing the concealed drow. â€Å"Prayne de crabug ohm keike rinedere be-yogi iglo kes gron!† Wulfgar shouted as he spun on his heel and sprinted off down the corridor, hoping that it didn’t lead to a dead end. Drizzt pulled the mutton off the end of his blade and accidentally dropped it to the ground, cursing silently at the waste of good food. Licking the dagger clean, he waited patiently. As the last verbeeg rambled past, he darted from his concealment, whipped the dagger into the back of the trailing giant’s knee, and scooted around the other side of the beam. The wounded giant howled in pain, but by the time it or its companions had turned back around, the drow was nowhere to be seen. Wulfgar rounded a bend and slipped against the wall, easily guessing what had stopped the pursuit. The pack had turned back when they found that there was another intruder nearer the exit. A giant leaped through the supports and stood with its legs wide apart and its club ready, its eyes going from door to door as it tried to figure out which route the unseen assailant had taken. Behind it and off to the side, Drizzt pulled a small knife out of each of his boots and wondered how the giants could be stupid enough to fall for the same trick twice in a span of ten seconds. Not about to argue with good fortune, the elf scrambled out behind his next victim and, before its companions still in the tunnel could shout a call of warning, drove one of the knives deep into the giant’s thigh, severing the hamstring. The giant lurched over to the side and Drizzt, hopping by, marveled at how wonderful a target the thick veins in a verbeeg’s neck make when the monster’s jaw is clenched in pain. But the drow had no time to pause and ponder the fortunes of battle. The rest of the pack – five angry giants – had already thrown aside their wounded companion in the tunnel and were only a few strides behind. He put the second knife deep into the verbeeg’s neck and headed for the door leading deeper into the lair. He would have made it, except that the first giant coming back into the room happened to be carrying a stone. As a rule, verbeeg are quite adept at rock throwing, and this one was better than most. The drow’s unhelmeted head was its target, and its throw was true. Wulfgar’s throw was on target, too. Aegis-fang shattered the backbone of the trailing giant as it passed its wounded companion in the tunnel. The injured verbeeg, working to get Drizzt’s dagger out of its knee, stared in disbelief at its suddenly dead companion and at the berserk death charge of the ferocious barbarian. Out of the corner of his eye, Drizzt saw the stone coming. He managed to duck enough to avoid getting his head caved in, but the heavy missile caught him in the shoulder and sent him flying to the floor. The world spun around him as though he was its axis. He fought to reorient himself, for in the back of his mind he understood that the giant was coming to finish him off. But everything seemed a blur. Then something lying close to his face managed to hold his attention. He fixed his eyes on it, straining to find a focus and force everything else to stop spinning. A verbeeg finger. The drow was back. Quickly, he reached for his weapon. He knew that he was too late when he saw the giant, club raised for a death blow, towering above him. The wounded giant stepped into the middle of the tunnel to meet the barbarian’s charge. The monster’s leg had gone numb, and it could not plant its feet firmly. Wulfgar, Aegis-fang comfortably back in his hands, swatted it aside and continued into the room. Two of the giants were waiting for him. Guenhwyvar wove between a giant’s legs as it turned and launched itself as high and far as its sleek muscles could take it. Just as the verbeeg standing over Drizzt started to swing its club at the prone elf, Drizzt saw a shade of black cross in front of its face. A jagged tear lined the giant’s cheek. Drizzt understood what had happened when he heard Guenhwyvar’s padded paws set down on the table and propel the cat further across the room. Though a second giant now joined the first and both had their clubs poised to strike, Drizzt had gained all the time that he needed. In a lightning movement, he slid one of the scimitars from its sheath and thrust it into the first giant’s groin. The monster doubled over in agony, a shield for Drizzt, and caught the blow from its comrade on the back of its head. The drow mumbled â€Å"Thank you† as he rolled over the corpse, landing on his feet and again thrusting upward, this time lifting his body to follow the blade. Hesitation had cost another giant its life. For as the stunned verbeeg stared dumbfoundedly at its friend’s brains splattered all over its club, the drow’s curved blade sliced under its rib cage, tearing through lungs and finding its mark in the monster’s heart. Time moved slowly for the mortally wounded giant. The club it had dropped seemed to take minutes to reach the floor. With the barely perceptible motion of a falling tree, the verbeeg slid back from the scimitar. It knew that it was falling, but the floor never came up to meet it. Never came up†¦ Wulfgar hoped that he had hit the wounded giant in the tunnel hard enough to keep it out of the fray for a while – he would be in a tight spot indeed if it came up behind him then. He had all that he could handle parrying and counter-thrusting with the two giants he now faced. He needn’t have worried about his backside, though, for the wounded verbeeg slumped against the wall in the tunnel, oblivious to its surroundings. And, in the opposite direction, Drizzt had just finished off the other two giants. Wulfgar laughed aloud when he saw his friend wiping the blood from his blade and walking back across the room. One of the verbeeg noticed the dark elf, too, and it jumped out of its fight with the barbarian to engage this new foe. â€Å"Ay, ye little runt, ye think ye can face me even up an’ live to talk about it?† bellowed the giant. Feigning desperation, Drizzt glanced all about him. As usual, he found an easy way to win this fight. Using a stalking belly-crawl, Guenhwyvar had slithered behind the giant bodies, trying to get into a favorable position. Drizzt took a small step backward, goading the giant into the great cat’s path. The giant’s club crashed into Wulfgar’s ribs and pushed him up against the wooden beam. The barbarian was made of tougher stuff than wood, though, and he took the blow stoically, returning it two-fold with Aegis-fang. Again the verbeeg struck, and again Wulfgar countered. The barbarian had been fighting with hardly a break for over ten minutes, but adrenalin coursed through his veins, and he barely felt winded. He began to appreciate the endless hours toiling for Bruenor in the mines, and the miles and miles of running Drizzt had led him through during their sessions as his blows started to fall with increasing frequency on his tiring opponent. The giant advanced on Drizzt. â€Å"Arg, hold yer ground, ye miserable rat!† it growled. â€Å"An’ none o’ yer sneaky tricks! We wants to see how ye does in a fair fight.† Just as the two came together, Guenhwyvar darted the remaining few feet and sank his fangs deep into the back of the verbeeg’s ankle. Reflexively, the giant shot a glance at the rear attacker, but it recovered quickly and shot its eyes back to the elf†¦ †¦Just in time to see the scimitar entering its chest. Drizzt answered the monster’s puzzled expression with a question. â€Å"Where in the nine hells did you ever find the notion that I would fight fair?† The verbeeg lurched away. The blade hadn’t found its heart, but it knew that the wound would soon prove fatal if untended. Blood poured freely down the monster’s leather tunic, and it labored visibly as it tried to breath. Drizzt alternated his attacks with Guenhwyvar, striking and ducking away from the lumbering counter while his partner rushed in on the monster’s other side. They knew, and the giant did, too, that this fight would soon be over. The giant fighting Wulfgar could no longer sustain a defensive posture with its heavy club. Wulfgar was beginning to tire as well, so he started to sing an old tundra war song, the Song of Tempos, its rousing notes inspiring him into one final barrage. He waited for the verbeeg’s club to inch inevitably downward and then launched Aegis-fang once, twice, and then a third time. Wulfgar nearly collapsed in exhaustion after the third swing, but the giant lay crumpled on the floor. The barbarian leaned wearily on his weapon and watched his two friends nip and scratch their verbeeg to pieces. â€Å"Well done!† Wulfgar laughed when the last giant fell. Drizzt walked over to the barbarian, his left arm hanging limply at his side. His jacket and shirt were torn where the stone had struck, and the exposed skin of his shoulder was swollen and bruised. Wulfgar eyed the wound with genuine concern, but Drizzt answered his unspoken question by raising the arm above him, though he grimaced in pain with the effort. â€Å"It’ll be quick to mend,† he assured Wulfgar. â€Å"Just a nasty bump, and I find that a small cost to weigh against the bodies of thirteen verbeeg!† A low groan issued from the tunnel. â€Å"Twelve as yet,† Wulfgar corrected. â€Å"Apparently one is not quite done kicking.† With a deep breath, Wulfgar lifted Aegis-fang and turned to finish the task. â€Å"A moment, first,† insisted Drizzt, a thought pressing on his mind. â€Å"When the giants charged you in the tunnel, you yelled something in your home tongue, I believe. What was it you said?† Wulfgar laughed heartily. â€Å"An old Elk tribe battle cry,† he explained. â€Å"Strength to my friends, and death to my foes!† Drizzt eyed the barbarian suspiciously and wondered just how deep ran Wulfgar’s ability to fabricate a lie on demand. * * * The injured verbeeg was still propped against the tunnel wall when the two companions and Guenhwyvar came upon it. The drow’s dagger remained deeply buried in the giant’s knee, its blade caught fast between two bones. The giant eyed the men with hate-filled yet strangely calm eyes as they approached. â€Å"Ye’ll pay fer all o’ this,† it spat at Drizzt. â€Å"Biggrin’ll play with ye afore killin’ ye, be sure o’ that!† â€Å"So it has a tongue,† Drizzt said to Wulfgar. And then to the giant, â€Å"Biggrin?† â€Å"Laird o’ the cave,† answered the giant. â€Å"Biggrin’ll be a wantin’ to meet ye.† â€Å"And we’ll be wanting to meet Biggrin!† stormed Wulfgar. â€Å"We have a debt to repay; a little matter concerning two dwarves!† As soon as Wulfgar mentioned the dwarves, the giant spat again. Drizzt’s scimitar flashed and poised an inch from the monster’s throat. â€Å"Kill me then an’ have done,† laughed the giant, genuinely uncaring. The monster’s ease unnerved Drizzt. â€Å"I serve the master!† proclaimed the giant. â€Å"Glory is to die for Akar Kessell!† Wulfgar and Drizzt looked at each other uneasily. They had never seen or heard of this kind of fanatical dedication in a verbeeg, and the sight disturbed them. The primary fault of the verbeeg which had always kept then from gaining dominance over the smaller races was their unwillingness to devote themselves wholeheartedly to any cause and their inability to follow one leader: â€Å"Who is Akar Kessell?† demanded Wulfgar. The giant laughed evilly. â€Å"If friends o’ the towns ye be, ye’ll know soon enough!† â€Å"I thought you said that Biggrin was laird of this cave,† said Drizzt. â€Å"The cave,† answered the giant. â€Å"And once a tribe. But Biggrin follows the master now.† â€Å"We’ve got trouble,† Drizzt mumbled to Wulfgar. â€Å"Have you ever heard of a verbeeg chieftain giving up its dominance to another without a fight?† â€Å"I fear for the dwarves,† said Wulfgar. Drizzt turned back to the giant and decided to change the subject so that he could extract some information more immediate to their situation. â€Å"What is at the end of this tunnel?† â€Å"Nothin’,† said the verbeeg, too quickly. â€Å"Er, just a place for us t’ sleep, is all.† Loyal, but stupid, noted Drizzt. He turned to Wulfgar again. â€Å"We have to take out Biggrin and any others in the cave who might be able to get back to warn this Akar Kessell.† â€Å"What about this one?† asked Wulfgar. But the giant answered the question for Drizzt. Delusions of glory pushed it to seek death in the wizard’s service. It tightened its muscles, ignoring the pain in its knee, and lunged at the companions. Aegis-fang smashed the verbeeg’s collarbone and neck at the same time Drizzt’s scimitar was slipping through its ribs and Guenhwyvar was locking onto its gut. But the giant’s death mask was a smile. * * * The corridor behind the back door of the dining room was unlit, and the companions had to pull a torch from its sconce in the other corridor to take with them. As they wound their way down the long tunnel, moving deeper and deeper into the hill, they passed many small chambers, most empty, but some holding crated stores of various sorts: foodstuffs, skins, and extra clubs and spears. Drizzt surmised that Akar Kessell planned to use this cave as a home base for his army. The blackness was absolute for some distance and Wulfgar, lacking the darkness vision of his elven companion, grew nervous as the torch began to burn low. But then they came into a wide chamber, by far the largest they had seen, and beyond its reaches, the tunnel spilled out into the open night. â€Å"We have come to the front door,† said Wulfgar. â€Å"And it’s ajar. Do you believe that Biggrin has left?† â€Å"Sssh,† hushed Drizzt. The drow thought that he had heard something in the darkness on the far right. He motioned for Wulfgar to stay in the middle of the room with the torch as he crept away into the shadows. Drizzt stopped short when he heard gruff giant voices ahead, though he couldn’t figure out why he couldn’t see their bulky silhouettes. When he came upon a large hearth, he understood. The voices were echoing through the chimney. â€Å"Biggrin?† asked Wulfgar when he came up. â€Å"Must be,† reasoned Drizzt. â€Å"Think you can fit through the chimney?† The barbarian nodded. He hoisted Drizzt up first – the drow’s left arm still wasn’t of much use to him – and followed, leaving Guenhwyvar to keep watch. The chimney snaked up a few yards, then came to an intersection. One way led down to a room from which the voices were coming, and the other thinned as it rose to the surface. The conversation was loud and heated now, and Drizzt moved down to investigate. Wulfgar held the drow’s feet to help him inch down the final descent, as the slope became nearly vertical. Hanging upside down, Drizzt peeked under the rim of the hearth in another room. He saw three giants; one by a door at the far end of the room, looking as though it wanted to leave, and a second with its back to the hearth, being scolded by the third, an immensely wide and tall frost giant. Drizzt knew by the twisted, lipless smile that he looked upon Biggrin. â€Å"To tell Biggrin!† pleaded the smaller giant. â€Å"Ye ran from a fight,† scowled Biggrin. â€Å"Ye left yer friends t’ die!† â€Å"No†¦Ã¢â‚¬  protested the giant, but Biggrin had heard enough. With one swipe of its huge axe, it lopped the smaller giant’s head off. * * * The men found Guenhwyvar diligently on watch when they came out of the chimney. The big cat turned and growled in recognition when it saw its companions, and Wulfgar, not understanding the throaty purr to be a friendly sound, took a cautious step away. â€Å"There has to be a side tunnel off the main corridor further down,† Drizzt reasoned, having no time to be amused by his friend’s nervousness. â€Å"Let’s get this over with, then,† said Wulfgar. They found the passage as the Drow had predicted and soon came to a door they figured would lead to the room with the remaining giants. They clapped each other on the shoulder for luck and Drizzt patted Guenhwyvar, though Wulfgar declined the drow’s invitation to do likewise. Then they burst in. The room was empty. A door previously invisible to Drizzt from his vantage point at the hearth stood ajar. * * * Biggrin sent its lone remaining soldier out the secret side door with a message for Akar Kessell. The big giant had been disgraced, and it knew that the wizard wouldn’t readily accept the loss of so many valuable troops. Biggrin’s only chance was to take care of the two intruding warriors and hope that their heads would appease its unmerciful boss. The giant pressed its ear to the door and waited for its victims to enter the adjoining room. * * * Wulfgar and Drizzt passed through the second door and came into a lavish chamber, its floor adorned with plush furs and large, puffy pillows. Two other doors led out of the room. One was slightly open, a darkened corridor beyond, and the other was closed. Suddenly Wulfgar stopped Drizzt with an outstretched hand and motioned for the drow to be quiet. The intangible quality of a true warrior, the sixth sense that allows him to sense unseen danger, had come into play. Slowly the barbarian turned to the closed door and lifted Aegis-fang above his head. He paused for a moment and cocked his head, straining to hear a confirming sound. None came, but Wulfgar trusted his instincts. He roared to Tempos and launched the hammer. It split the door asunder with a thunderous snap and dropped the planks – and Biggrin – to the floor. Drizzt noticed the swing of the open secret door across the room beyond the giant chieftain and realized that the last of the giants must have slipped away. Quickly the drow set Guenhwyvar into motion. The panther understood, too, for it bolted away, clearing the writhing form of Biggrin with one great bound, and charged out of the cave to give chase to the escaping verbeeg. Blood streamed down the side of the big giant’s head, but the thick bone of its skull had rejected the hammer. Drizzt and Wulfgar looked on in disbelief as the huge frost giant shook its jowls and rose to meet them. â€Å"It can’t do that,† protested Wulfgar. â€Å"This giant’s a stubborn one,† Drizzt shrugged. The barbarian waited for Aegis-fang to return to his grasp, then moved with the drow to face Biggrin. The giant stayed in the doorway to prevent either of its foes from flanking it as Wulfgar and Drizzt confidently moved in. The three exchanged ominous stares and a few easy swings as they felt each other out. â€Å"You must be Biggrin,† Drizzt said, bowing. â€Å"That I am,† proclaimed the giant. â€Å"Biggrin! The last foe yer eyes’ll see!† â€Å"Confident as well as stubborn,† Wulfgar remarked. â€Å"Little human,† the giant retorted, â€Å"I’ve squashed a hunnerd o’ yen puny kin!† â€Å"More reason for us to kill you,† Drizzt stated calmly. With sudden speed and ferocity that surprised its two opponents, Biggrin took a wide sweep with its huge axe. Wulfgar stepped back out of its deadly range, and Drizzt managed to duck under the blow, but the drow shuddered when he saw the axe blade take a fair-sized chunk out of the stone wall. Wulfgar jumped right back at the monster as the axe passed him, pounding on Biggrin’s broad chest with Aegis-fang. The giant flinched but took the blow. â€Å"Ye’ll have t’ hit me harder ‘an that, puny man!† it bellowed as it launched a mighty backswing with the flat head of the axe. Again Drizzt slipped below the swing. Wulfgar, however, battle-weary as he was, did not move quickly enough to back out of range. The barbarian managed to get Aegis-fang up in front of him, but the sheer force of Biggrin’s heavy weapon smashed him into the wall. He crumpled to the floor. Drizzt knew that they were in trouble. His left arm remained useless, his reflexes were slowing with exhaustion, and this giant was simply too powerful for him to parry any blows. He managed to slip in one short thrust with his scimitar as the giant recovered for its next swing, and then he fled toward the main corridor. â€Å"Run, ye dark dog!† roared the giant. â€Å"I’ll after ye, an’ I’ll have ye!† Biggrin charged after Drizzt, smelling the kill. The drow sheathed his scimitar as he reached the main passage and looked for a spot to ambush the monster. Nothing presented itself, so he went halfway to the exit and waited. â€Å"Where can ye hide?† Biggrin taunted as its huge bulk entered the corridor. Poised in the shadows, the drow threw his two knives. Both hit home, but Biggrin hardly slowed. Drizzt moved outside the cave. He knew that if Biggrin didn’t follow him, he would have to go back in; he certainly couldn’t leave Wulfgar to die. The first rays of dawn had found their way onto the mountain, and Drizzt worried that the growing light would spoil any chance he had for ambush. Scrambling up one of the small trees that concealed the exit, he pulled out his dagger. Biggrin charged out into the sunlight and looked around for signs of the fleeing drow. â€Å"Yer about, ye miserable dog! Ye’ve no place to run!† Suddenly Drizzt was on top of the monster, gouging its face and neck in a barrage of stabs and slices. The giant howled in rage and jerked its massive body backward violently, sending Drizzt, who could not gain a firm hold with his weakened arm, flying back into the tunnel. The drow landed heavily on his injured shoulder and nearly swooned in agony. He squirmed and twisted for a moment, trying to regain his feet, but he bumped into a heavy boot. He knew that Biggrin couldn’t have gotten to him so quickly. He turned slowly onto his back, wondering where this new giant had come from. But the drow’s outlook changed dramatically when he saw that Wulfgar stood over him, Aegis-fang firmly in his hand and a grim look stamped upon his face. Wulfgar never took his eyes off of the giant as it entered the tunnel. â€Å"He’s mine,† the barbarian said grimly. Biggrin looked hideous indeed. The side of its head where the hammer had struck was caked with dark, dried blood, while the other, and several spots on its face and neck, ran bright with blood from new wounds. The two knives Drizzt had thrown were still sticking in the giant’s chest like morbid medals of honor. â€Å"Can you take it again?† Wulfgar challenged as he sent Aegis-fang on a second flight toward the giant. In answer, Biggrin stuck out his chest defiantly to block the blow. â€Å"I can take whatere’ ye have t’ give!† it boasted. Aegis-fang slammed home, and Biggrin staggered back a step. The hammer had cracked a rib or two, but the giant could handle that. More deadly, though, and unknown to Biggrin, Aegis-fang had driven one of Drizzt’s knives through the lining of its heart. â€Å"I can run, now,† Drizzt whispered to Wulfgar when he saw the giant advancing again. â€Å"I stay,† the barbarian insisted without the slightest tremor of fear in his voice. Drizzt pulled his scimitar. â€Å"Well spoken, brave friend. Let us fell this foul beast – there’s food to be eaten!† â€Å"Ye’ll find that more a task than ye talk!† Biggrin retorted. It felt a sudden stinging in its chest, but it grunted away the pain. â€Å"I’ve felt the best that ye can hit, an’ still I come at ye! Ye can no’ hope t’ win!† Both Drizzt and Wulfgar feared that there was more truth to the giant’s boasts than either of them would admit. They were on their last legs, wounded and winded, yet determined to stay and finish the task. But the complete confidence of the great giant as it steadily approached was more than a little unnerving. Biggrin realized that something was terribly wrong when it got within a few steps of the two companions. Wulfgar and Drizzt knew, too, for the giant’s stride suddenly slowed visibly. The giant looked at them in outrage as though it had been deceived. â€Å"Dogs!† it gasped, a gout of blood bursting from its mouth. â€Å"What trick†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Biggrin fell dead without another word. * * * â€Å"Should we go after the cat?† Wulfgar asked when they got back to the secret door. Drizzt was wrapping a torch out of some rags he had found. â€Å"Faith in the shadow,† he answered. â€Å"Guenhwyvar will not let the verbeeg escape. Besides, I have a good meal waiting for me back in the cave.† â€Å"You go,† Wulfgar told him. â€Å"I shall stay here and watch for the cat’s return.† Drizzt clasped the big man’s shoulder as he started to leave. They had been through a lot in the short time they had been together, and Drizzt suspected that the excitement was just beginning. The drow sang a feasting song as he started to the main passage, but only as a dodge to Wulfgar, for the dinner table wouldn’t be his first stop. The giant they had spoken with earlier had been evasive when asked about what lay down the one tunnel they had yet to explore. And with everything else they had found, Drizzt believed that could only mean one thing – treasure. * * * The great panther loped along over the broken stones, easily gaining on the heavy-footed giant. Soon Guenhwyvar could hear the verbeeg’s labored breathing as the creature struggled with every leap and climb. The giant was making for Daledrop and the open tundra beyond. But so frenzied was its flight that it didn’t move off the face of Kelvin’s Cairn to the easier ground of the valley. It sought a straighter route, believing it to be the quicker path to safety. Guenhwyvar knew the areas of the mountain as well as its master, knew where every creature on the mountain laired. The cat had already discerned where it wanted the giant to go. Like a shepherd’s dog, it closed the remaining distance and scratched at the giant’s flanks, veering it into the direction of a deep mountain pool. The terrified verbeeg, certain that the deadly warhammer or darting scimitar weren’t far behind, didn’t dare stop and engage the panther. It surged blindly along the path Guenhwyvar had chosen. A short time later, Guenhwyvar broke away from the giant and raced ahead. When the cat reached the edge of the cold water, it tilted its head and concentrated its keen senses, hoping to spy something that could help it complete the task. Then Guenhwyvar noticed a tiny shimmer of movement under the sparkles of the first light on the water. Its sharp eyes sorted out the long shape lying deathly still. Satisfied that the trap was set, Guenhwyvar moved back behind a nearby ledge to wait. The giant lumbered up to the pool, breathing heavily. It leaned against a boulder for a moment, despite its terror. Things seemed safe enough for the moment. As soon as it had caught its breath, the giant looked around quickly for signs of pursuit, then started forward again. There was only one path across the pool, a fallen log that spanned the center, and all of the alternative routes around the pool, though the water wasn’t very wide, weaved around sheer drops and jutting rockfaces and promised to be slow going. The verbeeg tested the log. It seemed sturdy, so the monster cautiously started across. The cat waited for the giant to get close to the center of the pool, then charged from its hiding place and launched itself into the air at the verbeeg. The cat landed heavily into the surprised giant, planting its paws in the monster’s chest and rebounding back toward the safety of the shore. Guenhwyvar splashed into the icy pool, but scrambled quickly out of the perilous water. The giant, though, swung its arms wildly for a moment, trying to hold its precarious balance, then toppled in with a splash. The water rushed up to suck it down. Desperately, the giant lunged for a nearby floating log, the shape that Guenhwyvar had recognized earlier. But as the verbeeg’s hands came down, the form it had thought to be a log exploded into movement as the fifty-foot water constrictor threw itself around its prey with dizzying speed. The unrelenting coils quickly pinned the giant’s arms to its side and began their merciless squeeze. Guenhwyvar shook the freezing water from its glistening black coat and looked back to the pool. As yet another length of the monstrous snake locked under the verbeeg’s chin and pulled the helpless monster under the surface, the panther was satisfied that the mission was complete. With a long, loud roar proclaiming victory, Guenhwyvar bounded off toward the lair. How to cite The Crystal Shard 18. Biggrin’s House, Essay examples

Basics of Cdma free essay sample

Part1 Basic knowledge of CDMA Agenda 1. Architecture of CDMA system/ Coverage Area Structure 2. Interface between different entities 3. Numbering plan Architecture of CDMA system MS Um Abis A B OMC BT S BSC MSC VLR D HLR H BSS C MSS AUC †¢MS: †¢BSC: †¢BTS: †¢MSC: †¢VLR: †¢HLR: †¢AUC: †¢OMC: Mobile Station Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Mobile Switching Center Visitor Location Register Home Location Register Authentication Center Operation and Maintenance Center 1. Main components of CDMA †¢MSS (Mobile Switching Sub-system) †¢BSS (Base Station Sub-system) †¢MS (Mobile Station) †¢OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center) . 1 Base Station Sub-system †¢Function It provides trunks between wireless part and fixed part of PLMN network. BSC BSC performs the controlling function and management. BTS BTS is in charge of wireless transmission. 1. 2 Mobile Switching Sub-system †¢Function —CDMA switching fu nction —Manage mobile subscriber data —Manage database for mobile service —Interface between CDMA network and other network (such as PSTN, other PLMN etc. ). †¢It includes 4 function units: MSC HLR VLR AUC 1. 2. Mobile Switching Center(MSC) †¢It is responsible for setting up, managing and clearing connections as well as routing the calls to the proper user. †¢ It provides the network interfaces, the charging function and the function of processing the signaling. †¢ MSC gets data for call handling from 3 databases: VLR/HLR/AUC †¢ GMSC(gateway):When a non-CDMA end subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to a GMSC. †¢It can process the No. 7 signaling between BSS and MSC, and realizes the auxiliary radio resource management and mobile management. 1. 2. Visitor Location Register(VLR) †¢VLR is a dynamic database used by MSC for information index. It stores all related information of mobile subscribers that enter its coverage area, which enables MSC to set up incoming and outgoing calls. †¢Subscriber parameters include: subscriber number, location area identity(LAI), userâ₠¬â„¢s status, services which subscriber can use and so on. †¢When the subscriber leaves this area, it should register in another VLR, and the previous VLR will delete all the data about this subscriber. †¢ VLR can be built together with the MSC or set separately. 1. 2. Home Location Register(HLR †¢ HLR:It is a static database. When a user applies for mobile service, all data of this subscriber will be stored in HLR. †¢Information: -Subscriber information (ESN, MDN, IMSI, MIN), service information and valid term. -The mobile subscriber location (MSC/VLR address), so as to set up the call route to the MS. †¢ HLR can be built together with the MSC or set separately. 1. 2. 4 Authentication Center †¢ It is an entity to prevent illegal subscribers from accessing CDMA network. It can generate the parameters to confirm the subscriber’s identity. At the same time it can encrypt user’s data according to user’s request. †¢ Composition — Database save MIN,ESN, Authentication Key) — Generator of random number — Algorithm(CAVE algorithm) — AUC can be built separately or together with HLR 1. 3 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) OMC provides operation and maintenance services to the network operator, manages the registered subscriber information and conducts network planning to enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. Based on the main maintenance functions, there are two types of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R. The OMC-S is mainly responsible for maintenance of MSS while the OMC-R is mainly for BSS. We also call OMC as background. wireless Area partition CDMA service area PLMNService area MSCService area Location area cell Wireless coverage area structure wireless Area partition †¢ Cell The smallest area that can not be divided. †¢ Location area: The area where MS moves without updating location. It includes some cells. It only belongs to one MSC. It includes one or more BSC. One location area has one LAI to identify each other. wireless Area partition †¢ MSC service area: The area that all the cells controlled by one MSC covered. One MSC composes one or more location areas. †¢ PLMN service area: It includes one or more MSC service areas. †¢ CDMA service area: It includes global PLMN networks . Agenda 1. Architecture of CDMA system / Coverage Area Structure 2. Interface between different entities 3. Numbering plan The interface and protocol between entities The difference between interface and protocol: †¢The interface: The connection point between two adjacent entities. †¢The protocol: To illustrate the rules followed when information exchanged at the connection point. The interface between entities MS U m MSC E Abis SCP PSTN ISDN PSPDN B D T2 BTS Q BSC Q A MSC/SSP C VLR Q N OMC SC M HLR H SCP SME AUC 1 . Um interface Um interface defines the communication interface between MS and BTS, also called air interface. †¢ It realizes the compatibility between all kinds of MS and different BTS, so that the MS can roaming. (It is an open interface) †¢ It adopts some anti-blocking technology and measurements to reduce interference and improve the frequency spectrum efficiency. †¢ It realizes the physical connection between MS and CDMA network. (that is wireless link). 2. Abis interface The interface between BTS and BSC, used for remote connection. †¢2. 048 Mbps PCM digital link 3. A interface †¢It is the interface between BSC and MSC †¢It is based on 2. 048Mbps PCM digital links †¢The standard protocols for this interface include IS634, IOS2. 4 and IOS4. 0, etc. †¢A-Interface is mainly used to transmit the following information: — BSS management information — Call processing — Mobility management †¢It is an open interface. 4. B interface †¢The interface between MSC and VLR. †¢ MSC transfer the location information of roaming subscriber to VLR. †¢ Query subscriber data from VLR when setting up the calls. Usually VLR is built with MSC together, so the interface turns to be an internal interface and has no standard rules. 5. C interface †¢The interface between MSC and HLR. †¢The system adopts IS-41D protocol. The interface is based on 2. 048Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢When a MS is called, MSC must query the called MS’s routing message from HLR through this interface to locate the called MS, and according to the record, HLR will return the routing message(MSC/VLR number) to MSC. 6. D interface †¢The interface between VLR and HLR. †¢The system adopts IS-41D protocol. The interface is based on 2. 48Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢The interface is used for exchange of s ubscriber location information, authorization information and service data. 7. E interface †¢The interface between MSC and MSC. It is used for channel change over between 2 MSC †¢The system adopts IS-41D protocol. The interface is based on 2. 048Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢When a mobile station roams from one MSC to another during the speaking, the MSC will perform handover to keep the subscribers conversation uninterrupted. In this case, data exchanging must be implemented between the MSCs. 8. Q interface †¢Interface between SC and MSC. †¢The system adopts ANSI-41E protocol. The interface is based on 2. 048Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢In submission and reception of short messages, short messages are transferred among the short message centers and the mobile switching centers. At the same time, when the subscribers short message capability changes, the mobile switching center should notify the short message center promptly. 9. Ai interface: The interface betwe en MSC and PSTN, used for setting up voice connection between PSTN and PLMN. Agenda 1. Architecture of CDMA system/ Coverage Area Structure 2. Interface between different entities 3. Numbering plan †¢ E. 164:The international public telecommunication numbering plan †¢ E. 212:International identification plan for mobile terminals and mobile users 1. Mobile Directory Number (MDN) †¢ †¢ the numbering format of MDN and HLR Number and Subscriber Number depends on specification by countries and not necessarily same as with CHINA An MDN number is the number dialed by the Caller. Composition of an MDN number. CC + MAC + H0H1H2H3 + ABCD International MDN National MDN CC: Country Code (CC=86 in China ) MAC: Mobile Access Code(China:133,134) H0H1H2H3 : to identify different HLR ABCD: mobile subscriber number . International Mobile Subscriber Identification number (IMSI) †¢IMSI can identify a mobile subscriber in the PLMN network. †¢IMSI is used in signaling in a CDMA network, stored in HLR, VLR and the UIM card. †¢Composition of an IMSI number: MCC + MNC + MSIN †¢MCC †¢MNC Mobile Country Code (MCC=460 in China ) Mobile Network Co de (China :03) †¢MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number, a 10-bit algorism number, expressed as XX + HoH1H2H3 + ABCD XX is allocated by international organization (China:09 or 03) HoH1H2H3 is the same as HoH1H2H3 in the MDN number. ABCD is a subscriber number. 3. Mobile station Identification Number (MIN) MIN is the same as MSIN 4. SID Switch No. †¢SID: System Identification. Each mobile local network is assigned with an SID, which is decided by the headquarter. †¢Switch No. :To identify different equipments with the same SID. 5. HLRIN HLRID †¢HLRIN (HLR number) is used in the No. 7 signaling. Composition : MCC + MNC + XX + HoH1H2H3 + 0000 †¢HLRID:HLR Identification. Including: SID Switch No. 6 . MSCIN MSCID †¢MSCIN (MSC number) is used in the No. 7 signaling. Composition : MCC + MNC + XX + 44 + M1M2M3 + 100 M1M2M3: to identify different MSC/VLR †¢MSCID: MSC Identification. Including: SID Switch No. 7. Temporary Local Directory Number (TLDN) †¢TLDN is a number temporarily assigned by VLR of the called party. †¢In CDMA system, TLDN is used only when the calling and the called are not in the same MSC/VLR. †¢TLDN is released after the completion of the voice connection, then it can be assigned to another subscriber. †¢Composition of an TLDN number: CC + MAC + 44 + M1M2M3 + ABC 8. Location Area Identification number (LAI) †¢LAI is used to identify the location area. Its structure is: MCC MNC LAC MCC and MNC : same as the MCC and MNC in IMSI. LAC is a location area code that uniquely identifies each location area in our digital PLMN. It is a 2-byte hexadecimal BCD code represented by L1L2L3L4 (with the range of 0000 FFFF, able to define 65536 different location areas. ) 9. Global Cell Identification (GCI) †¢It identifies certain cell in a location area. †¢Structure: MCC+MNC+LAC+CI CI:2 bytes hexadecimal BCD code. 10. Electric Serial Number (ESN) It is set by the manufacture of the mobile station. The End Kuldeep Kumar

Role of Conflict in Project Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Conflict in Project Management. Answer: Introduction: Latino Engineering is Australia based standard size company. About three hundred employees are currently employed in this enterprise. The Latino Engineering enterprise is popular in Australia to provide the quality equipment to the equity industry, to the oil and gas industry. They are renowned to develop the best mechanical parts for the machinery industry all across Australia. Dominic Latino, being the founder of this company has earned fame providing high-quality materials to the clients. Thus the clients from all over Australia respect him and appreciate his good work. He decides to retire at the age of sixty-five years and decide to hand over the company to an investor group (Sommer, Dukovska-Popovska and Steger-Jensen 2014). After taking the ownership of the company, the investor group is facing various kinds of issues and thus they are in search of an efficient project methodology that can probably give them the edge by which the enterprise can gain maximum benefits and maximu m productivity. PRINCE2 is the widely accepted methodology and Latino Engineering can get the benefits out of this project methodology (Refer to Appendix A). Latino Engineering starts to decline due to the collapse of the management body primarily. The enterprise basically does not have the correct methodology via which they can prosper their enterprises growth and the market size. The investor group who has taken the responsibility are not expert to handle the management and they are also not used to. That is why they are struggling to keep up the mark over the past one year. The adoption of the PRINCE2 methodology has the potential to tackle the difficult scenarios provoked in the company.Therefore, at first, the management body and the employees must choose an appropriate equipment design model which can cater the maximum profit and the productivity (Verzuh 2015). Latino will have to think about the workers of the employees of the enterprise as well. After the design plan, project tasks must be segregated among the workers or the labourers of the company according to their proficiency. The first phase of PRINCE2 implies that the projec t must be initiated according to the design plan proposed by the clients and the segregation of tasks among the employees as per their proficiency. The second phase represents the proper direction of the project in accordance with the proposal. The manager along with the workers must stay in touch with each other and should communicate with each other to provide the better service to he clients. The tasks must be segregated into multiple subtasks and then each of those subtasks must be accomplished within the set deadline (Nicholas and Steyn 2017). The managers and the labourers of the company must be ready for the consequences if any adversities occur within the enterprise, they must work on the issues and come to the solution and resolve the issues sooner. The first complaint regarding the defect of the equipment can be resolved by the aforesaid initiative. The second complaint that arouses is the improper follow up with the Latino Engineerings clients. The manager must stay in touch with their clients all the time. They must work in a proactive manner and should be responsive all the time. After taking up the task, the partial submission should be submitted to the clients, the clients' feedback is very important that can enhance the communication and the relationship with the clients, the clients can be assured that they are getting the quality service and Latino Engineering is always responsive. This can improve the reputation of the company (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). The clients demands must be granted and their problems should be given the priority as well. They can probably adopt the cloud technology and the IT services to facilitate the clients more. Again, they must consider the complaints regarding the project. The client may not be happy and satisfied with the product they get, in this case, the manager should take the ch arge and should analyse the complaint and should take the charge within twentyfour hours and should revert back the clients within this twenty-four hours. Latino Engineering must appoint a customer service team in their premises if possible to handle the simple queries that can take off the excess pressure from the managers and for this reason the managers can get time to handle the critical queries (Krysi?ski and Miller 2016). All these queries and the modifications made must be kept documented in digital form and the hard copy. PRINCE2s planning and the monitoring phase implies the clients feedback and also the progress of the project. The planning phase is correlated with the workings of the labour on the basis of the deliverables sent to the clients, the monitoring phase of PRINCE2 is correlated with the feedback coming from the clients and workings as per the clients' demands. The third major issue that gets aroused is the turnaround time for issue resolution. The manager should act responsibly and should revert within twenty-four hours time. The management team of Latino Engineering must reply back the clients within one day of the query raised by the company and that is with full responsibility. The managers and as well as the labourers of the company should act in a proactive manner, they should provide the service in an agile and effective manner (Vardy 2015). The rework sent by the clients must be taken into consideration and should be submitted sooner to the clients.al these modifications done must be documented and should be sent to the clients, this documentation will act as proof and can help them for the future projects. This ensures further that the clients' problems have solved. The PRINCE2 monitoring, planning and initiating phase implies that the third issue can be resolved accurately by PRINCE2 methodology (Svejvig and Andersen 2015). The in itiating phase implies that the initiation of the project as per the deliverables delivered to the clients. The planning phase is associated with the reworks or the fresh works given by the clients. The fourth major issue that has been faced by Latino Engineering and their clients is the non-responsive customer service team. Latino Engineering must embrace the IT services must embrace the cloud technology, this can help them to connect with the clients 24x7 all throughout day and night 24x7. Latino Engineering team must educate the customer service team with the required knowledge so that the clients can be catered with better customer service (Srivannaboon and Munkongsujarit 2016). The management team along with the managers of the company must keep in touch with the customer service team if any critical query arises then the managers must take the charge of the whole. The fifth major issue that arises can be resolved by the courier service team. The courier service they have planned to appoint can be a third party courier service team. The courier service team must be responsible to deliver the best service to the clients and should deliver correct mechanical parts to the corr ect clients. The courier service can even their own selected courier service team. They must take up the responsibility and should deliver the products to the clients within the time set without any delay (Karaman and Kurt 2015). The courier service team before the delivery must prepare a list and based on that they must make the schedule to deliver the products to the clients. In this way, the major issues can be faced and mitigated by the control measures and the control measures along with the continuous improvement plan will be discussed in the later part of the essay. Latino Engineerings clients have suffered a lot due to the delivery of defective engineering equipment manufactured by Latino Engineering (Coppola, D'Ambrogio and Gianni 2016). Latino Engineering does not follow the right strategy and the right path and for this reason, they have failed to meet the demands of the clients. They failed to hand over the best product to the clients. PRINCE2 can assist to provide the best plan, best procedure to start and direct the project. At first, the pricing of the project must be discussed and must be fixed. Then the proposals must be discussed with the clients to understand the project and the related tasks better, then thereafter the proposals must be analysed (Seymour and Hussein 2014). Later Latino Engineering must coney the list of deliverables based on the proposals and the deals made. Latino Engineering must start to work. Once again, Latino Engineering struggles to follow up with the clients. The introduction of PRINCE2 can help to check the issue aroused. The entire project must be segregated into subparts, after that each subpart must be examined, later that subpart must be hand over to the Latino clients company (Alvarez-Dionisi, Turner and Mittra 2016). For this reason, the Latino's clients must be assured that the project is in progress and the progress is fine and ok. Latino Engineering from the other side can be sure that the project can cater them the productivity they want, can cater them the facilities they want. The other issue that they face is related with a deadline. The project and the relevant tasks associated with the project if not completed within the deadline set by the clients, that can be a huge problem and that can seriously affect the reputation of the company (Joslin and Mller 2015). When the partial submission is made and deliver to the clients, the clients are not satisfied with the management team or the management body, so they must appoint an effective customer service team or they should take assistance from the third party customer service team. The customer service team must keep track of the feedbacks and must forward the same to the higher authority or the higher management (Turner and Hartley 2016). The negative feedbacks from the clients' ends must be taken into consideration and the managers must take the decisions accordingly if any critical issue occurs they themselves must handle the difficult situations. The minute issues should be solved by the customer service team, that is why they must have the knowledge of the mechanical parts and the mechanical parts. If any negative feedback occurs within the organization the managers must direct the labourers of the company to take the charge to make the entire rework (Cicmil and Gaggiotti 2017). The employees must reply to the clients that they are working on the rework and they will send the rework sooner. This makes the clients believe that their answer is heard upon. The clients can also be ensured that they have been given the priority and they will get the machinery p roduct within the stipulated deadline (Reynolds 2016). In this way, the reputation of the company can be embellished. The clients of Latino Engineering has also complained that they have got the defective items and the products are not up to the standard. The sendings of defective products can be due to the lack of coordination and communication efforts from Latino Engineering's end. The subtasks must be successfully finished and should be sent to the clients for the feedback or the reviews (Cicmil and Gaggiotti 2017). The reviews from the clients' ends are absolutely necessary as that can let them know that the products on which the employees are working are fine and they are satisfied means that Latino Engineering can continue with their work. The clients if not happy will send the rework and will propose new design and development on which the Latino Engineering employees will have to work upon. Therefore, it is important to track that the reviews coming from the clients and it must be assessed that the review is negative or positive, lesser number of negative reviews signifies that the workers a re working well and the management team can be satisfied and can be assured that they are on the right track and they can gain a lot by the project methodology approach they have taken (Dyb, Dingsyr and Moe 2014). The workforce employed by Latino Engineering must have the required knowledge to solve the queries of the clients. The managers should spread their helping hand in the time of need. The rework proposed by the clients must be performed according to the parameters set by the clients. The rework must be performed and then that should be sent back to the clients. The clients if not satisfied with the rework must query again and the employees responsibly should take action accordingly. The customers' satisfaction must be the area of concern (Basu 2014). The clients will be served until they are happy, in this way by enhancing the clients' shopping experience, Latino Engineering can get the competitive edge they want, this can help them in the long run in conducting business act ivities. The other complaint they receive is the shipment and delivery of wrong items. The clients have asked that they have got the wrong products which are not desirable and acceptable from such a reputed company. Latino Engineering must have the courier facility team which can assist them to ship the accurate products to the accurate clients. They have two options (Arnaut, Ferrari and e Souza 2016). The first option they can take is that they can seek help from the third party courier service facility, they are very much professional, they prepare a list of all the products they are going to ship and deliver, they verify the clients' address and the clients' details. They provide a scheduled deadline and within that deadline, they deliver the product. The clients, on the other hand, received the product and check and sign a document where it is written that they have received the products according to their wish and demands and the product is fine (Hughes et al. 2016). The third party cour ier service is that much professional. Latino Engineering now adopts this facility to solve this risk. They have the alternate option, they can appoint a courier service facility service for themselves too. The appointed courier service facility must be as efficient as the third party courier service. In this way, the whole project procedure can be concluded and along with that, the fifth issue can be resolved. The PRINCE2 methodology has the seven phases and the seven phases can prove fruitful to Latino Engineering and it can facilitate the continuous improvement plan of the company if they follow the methodology properly step by step (Refer to Appendix B). This widely used methodology can help to minimize the threats and the risks occurring within the enterprise. Latino Engineering consists of the phases following which their business operations can get enhanced a lot. The phases of the PRINCE2 model are starting up a project, directing a project, initiation of the project, planning, controlling, monitoring and lastly the closing of the project All these phases must be conducted step by step to achieve the best possible outcome. The starting up the project implies that the project must be started and must be continued as discussed with the clients (Brones et al. 2014). Latino Engineering must focus on building quality equipment for the oil and gas industry, they must focus on manufacturin g equipment for the utility industry, various industries have various kinds of demands and Latino Engineering must work according to their needs. The direction of the project involves that the proposed project undertaking must be segregated into multiple subtasks and after completion of each task, the task must be thoroughly examined and then are conveyed to both the clients and the top level management. If both of them give the green signal Latino Engineering must proceed through (Gonzlez-Marcos et al. 2016). The initiating of the project totally depend on the proposals made, the price fixed for the project and the on the contract made for the project. Based on the contract the deliverables are sent to the clients. If the deliverables get approved the workers must continue to work. Similarly, Latino Engineering must start working on the project based on the deliverables, the deliverables must contain all the details of the equipment needed for the project undertaken. The planning phase implies that the project is fine and the employees should proceed on the same. The successful project execution can be guaranteed if the test of those machinery products are successful and test results get approved by the managers and the clients (Eskerod and Huemann 2013). The controlling phase involves the preparation of a report on everyday workings of the project. The subtasks after being completed must be sent to both clients and the managers, a signoff from them will signify that the project is ok and Latino Engineering employees must proceed. The feedback is an important aspect of any industry and for any organization. It helps to know whether an organization is effectively working or not, it helps to know whether the clients are happy with the service or not, it also helps to know in which area they should improve. This Latino Engineering can be benefitted from the reviews and comments of the clients. The negative feedback must be considered and should work on as per clients demands to satisfy the clients and can retain the clients (Francis 2015). Thus PRINCE2 can prove to be effective for them to run their business. The closing phase implies that the project has been done in time with efficiency and the clients are happy with the project. The product has passed the test and is ready. It can be concluded from the above discourse that PRINCE2 via those seven phases can bring in a positive outcome for Latino Engineering. The major issues and the complains that have been addressed can be significantly minimized by the seven approach model. The issues that have been showcased in the essay are the manufacturing of defective parts or the manufacturing of products which do not impress the clients and they have rejected the product. This has occurred due to poor strategy or the negligence of the top level management. Again, the lack of communication with the clients is the serious issue which has been highlighted in the essay. The managers should keep in touch with the clients and always help them at any kind of queries or help, but they seemed to be non-responsive and the clients feel they have been neglected, Similarly, the customer service team failed miserably to keep up with the clients' requests. The delivery of the wrong products signifies the utter failure of the courier service as a whole. PRINCE2 adaptation can bring good to the company and Latino Engineering can regain the trust of the clients. The various aspects, as well as the benefits, have been showcased in the essay. 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Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2017.Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Reynolds, D., 2016. Are Project Managers Getting Better?.ITNOW,58(4), pp.10-11. Seymour, T. and Hussein, S., 2014. The history of project management.International Journal of Management Information Systems (Online),18(4), p.233. Sommer, A.F., Dukovska-Popovska, I. and Steger-Jensen, K., 2014. Barriers towards integrated product developmentChallenges from a holistic project management perspective.International Journal of Project Management,32(6), pp.970-982. Srivannaboon, S. and Munkongsujarit, S., 2016, September. Project management and project portfolio management in open innovation: Literature review. InManagement of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2016 Portland International Conference on(pp. 2002-2007). IEEE. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. 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