Basics of Cdma free essay sample

Part1 Basic knowledge of CDMA Agenda 1. Architecture of CDMA system/ Coverage Area Structure 2. Interface between different entities 3. Numbering plan Architecture of CDMA system MS Um Abis A B OMC BT S BSC MSC VLR D HLR H BSS C MSS AUC †¢MS: †¢BSC: †¢BTS: †¢MSC: †¢VLR: †¢HLR: †¢AUC: †¢OMC: Mobile Station Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Mobile Switching Center Visitor Location Register Home Location Register Authentication Center Operation and Maintenance Center 1. Main components of CDMA †¢MSS (Mobile Switching Sub-system) †¢BSS (Base Station Sub-system) †¢MS (Mobile Station) †¢OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center) . 1 Base Station Sub-system †¢Function It provides trunks between wireless part and fixed part of PLMN network. BSC BSC performs the controlling function and management. BTS BTS is in charge of wireless transmission. 1. 2 Mobile Switching Sub-system †¢Function —CDMA switching fu nction —Manage mobile subscriber data —Manage database for mobile service —Interface between CDMA network and other network (such as PSTN, other PLMN etc. ). †¢It includes 4 function units: MSC HLR VLR AUC 1. 2. Mobile Switching Center(MSC) †¢It is responsible for setting up, managing and clearing connections as well as routing the calls to the proper user. †¢ It provides the network interfaces, the charging function and the function of processing the signaling. †¢ MSC gets data for call handling from 3 databases: VLR/HLR/AUC †¢ GMSC(gateway):When a non-CDMA end subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to a GMSC. †¢It can process the No. 7 signaling between BSS and MSC, and realizes the auxiliary radio resource management and mobile management. 1. 2. Visitor Location Register(VLR) †¢VLR is a dynamic database used by MSC for information index. It stores all related information of mobile subscribers that enter its coverage area, which enables MSC to set up incoming and outgoing calls. †¢Subscriber parameters include: subscriber number, location area identity(LAI), userâ₠¬â„¢s status, services which subscriber can use and so on. †¢When the subscriber leaves this area, it should register in another VLR, and the previous VLR will delete all the data about this subscriber. †¢ VLR can be built together with the MSC or set separately. 1. 2. Home Location Register(HLR †¢ HLR:It is a static database. When a user applies for mobile service, all data of this subscriber will be stored in HLR. †¢Information: -Subscriber information (ESN, MDN, IMSI, MIN), service information and valid term. -The mobile subscriber location (MSC/VLR address), so as to set up the call route to the MS. †¢ HLR can be built together with the MSC or set separately. 1. 2. 4 Authentication Center †¢ It is an entity to prevent illegal subscribers from accessing CDMA network. It can generate the parameters to confirm the subscriber’s identity. At the same time it can encrypt user’s data according to user’s request. †¢ Composition — Database save MIN,ESN, Authentication Key) — Generator of random number — Algorithm(CAVE algorithm) — AUC can be built separately or together with HLR 1. 3 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) OMC provides operation and maintenance services to the network operator, manages the registered subscriber information and conducts network planning to enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. Based on the main maintenance functions, there are two types of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R. The OMC-S is mainly responsible for maintenance of MSS while the OMC-R is mainly for BSS. We also call OMC as background. wireless Area partition CDMA service area PLMNService area MSCService area Location area cell Wireless coverage area structure wireless Area partition †¢ Cell The smallest area that can not be divided. †¢ Location area: The area where MS moves without updating location. It includes some cells. It only belongs to one MSC. It includes one or more BSC. One location area has one LAI to identify each other. wireless Area partition †¢ MSC service area: The area that all the cells controlled by one MSC covered. One MSC composes one or more location areas. †¢ PLMN service area: It includes one or more MSC service areas. †¢ CDMA service area: It includes global PLMN networks . Agenda 1. Architecture of CDMA system / Coverage Area Structure 2. Interface between different entities 3. Numbering plan The interface and protocol between entities The difference between interface and protocol: †¢The interface: The connection point between two adjacent entities. †¢The protocol: To illustrate the rules followed when information exchanged at the connection point. The interface between entities MS U m MSC E Abis SCP PSTN ISDN PSPDN B D T2 BTS Q BSC Q A MSC/SSP C VLR Q N OMC SC M HLR H SCP SME AUC 1 . Um interface Um interface defines the communication interface between MS and BTS, also called air interface. †¢ It realizes the compatibility between all kinds of MS and different BTS, so that the MS can roaming. (It is an open interface) †¢ It adopts some anti-blocking technology and measurements to reduce interference and improve the frequency spectrum efficiency. †¢ It realizes the physical connection between MS and CDMA network. (that is wireless link). 2. Abis interface The interface between BTS and BSC, used for remote connection. †¢2. 048 Mbps PCM digital link 3. A interface †¢It is the interface between BSC and MSC †¢It is based on 2. 048Mbps PCM digital links †¢The standard protocols for this interface include IS634, IOS2. 4 and IOS4. 0, etc. †¢A-Interface is mainly used to transmit the following information: — BSS management information — Call processing — Mobility management †¢It is an open interface. 4. B interface †¢The interface between MSC and VLR. †¢ MSC transfer the location information of roaming subscriber to VLR. †¢ Query subscriber data from VLR when setting up the calls. Usually VLR is built with MSC together, so the interface turns to be an internal interface and has no standard rules. 5. C interface †¢The interface between MSC and HLR. †¢The system adopts IS-41D protocol. The interface is based on 2. 048Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢When a MS is called, MSC must query the called MS’s routing message from HLR through this interface to locate the called MS, and according to the record, HLR will return the routing message(MSC/VLR number) to MSC. 6. D interface †¢The interface between VLR and HLR. †¢The system adopts IS-41D protocol. The interface is based on 2. 48Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢The interface is used for exchange of s ubscriber location information, authorization information and service data. 7. E interface †¢The interface between MSC and MSC. It is used for channel change over between 2 MSC †¢The system adopts IS-41D protocol. The interface is based on 2. 048Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢When a mobile station roams from one MSC to another during the speaking, the MSC will perform handover to keep the subscribers conversation uninterrupted. In this case, data exchanging must be implemented between the MSCs. 8. Q interface †¢Interface between SC and MSC. †¢The system adopts ANSI-41E protocol. The interface is based on 2. 048Mb/s PCM digital link. †¢In submission and reception of short messages, short messages are transferred among the short message centers and the mobile switching centers. At the same time, when the subscribers short message capability changes, the mobile switching center should notify the short message center promptly. 9. Ai interface: The interface betwe en MSC and PSTN, used for setting up voice connection between PSTN and PLMN. Agenda 1. Architecture of CDMA system/ Coverage Area Structure 2. Interface between different entities 3. Numbering plan †¢ E. 164:The international public telecommunication numbering plan †¢ E. 212:International identification plan for mobile terminals and mobile users 1. Mobile Directory Number (MDN) †¢ †¢ the numbering format of MDN and HLR Number and Subscriber Number depends on specification by countries and not necessarily same as with CHINA An MDN number is the number dialed by the Caller. Composition of an MDN number. CC + MAC + H0H1H2H3 + ABCD International MDN National MDN CC: Country Code (CC=86 in China ) MAC: Mobile Access Code(China:133,134) H0H1H2H3 : to identify different HLR ABCD: mobile subscriber number . International Mobile Subscriber Identification number (IMSI) †¢IMSI can identify a mobile subscriber in the PLMN network. †¢IMSI is used in signaling in a CDMA network, stored in HLR, VLR and the UIM card. †¢Composition of an IMSI number: MCC + MNC + MSIN †¢MCC †¢MNC Mobile Country Code (MCC=460 in China ) Mobile Network Co de (China :03) †¢MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number, a 10-bit algorism number, expressed as XX + HoH1H2H3 + ABCD XX is allocated by international organization (China:09 or 03) HoH1H2H3 is the same as HoH1H2H3 in the MDN number. ABCD is a subscriber number. 3. Mobile station Identification Number (MIN) MIN is the same as MSIN 4. SID Switch No. †¢SID: System Identification. Each mobile local network is assigned with an SID, which is decided by the headquarter. †¢Switch No. :To identify different equipments with the same SID. 5. HLRIN HLRID †¢HLRIN (HLR number) is used in the No. 7 signaling. Composition : MCC + MNC + XX + HoH1H2H3 + 0000 †¢HLRID:HLR Identification. Including: SID Switch No. 6 . MSCIN MSCID †¢MSCIN (MSC number) is used in the No. 7 signaling. Composition : MCC + MNC + XX + 44 + M1M2M3 + 100 M1M2M3: to identify different MSC/VLR †¢MSCID: MSC Identification. Including: SID Switch No. 7. Temporary Local Directory Number (TLDN) †¢TLDN is a number temporarily assigned by VLR of the called party. †¢In CDMA system, TLDN is used only when the calling and the called are not in the same MSC/VLR. †¢TLDN is released after the completion of the voice connection, then it can be assigned to another subscriber. †¢Composition of an TLDN number: CC + MAC + 44 + M1M2M3 + ABC 8. Location Area Identification number (LAI) †¢LAI is used to identify the location area. Its structure is: MCC MNC LAC MCC and MNC : same as the MCC and MNC in IMSI. LAC is a location area code that uniquely identifies each location area in our digital PLMN. It is a 2-byte hexadecimal BCD code represented by L1L2L3L4 (with the range of 0000 FFFF, able to define 65536 different location areas. ) 9. Global Cell Identification (GCI) †¢It identifies certain cell in a location area. †¢Structure: MCC+MNC+LAC+CI CI:2 bytes hexadecimal BCD code. 10. Electric Serial Number (ESN) It is set by the manufacture of the mobile station. The End Kuldeep Kumar

Role of Conflict in Project Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Conflict in Project Management. Answer: Introduction: Latino Engineering is Australia based standard size company. About three hundred employees are currently employed in this enterprise. The Latino Engineering enterprise is popular in Australia to provide the quality equipment to the equity industry, to the oil and gas industry. They are renowned to develop the best mechanical parts for the machinery industry all across Australia. Dominic Latino, being the founder of this company has earned fame providing high-quality materials to the clients. Thus the clients from all over Australia respect him and appreciate his good work. He decides to retire at the age of sixty-five years and decide to hand over the company to an investor group (Sommer, Dukovska-Popovska and Steger-Jensen 2014). After taking the ownership of the company, the investor group is facing various kinds of issues and thus they are in search of an efficient project methodology that can probably give them the edge by which the enterprise can gain maximum benefits and maximu m productivity. PRINCE2 is the widely accepted methodology and Latino Engineering can get the benefits out of this project methodology (Refer to Appendix A). Latino Engineering starts to decline due to the collapse of the management body primarily. The enterprise basically does not have the correct methodology via which they can prosper their enterprises growth and the market size. The investor group who has taken the responsibility are not expert to handle the management and they are also not used to. That is why they are struggling to keep up the mark over the past one year. The adoption of the PRINCE2 methodology has the potential to tackle the difficult scenarios provoked in the company.Therefore, at first, the management body and the employees must choose an appropriate equipment design model which can cater the maximum profit and the productivity (Verzuh 2015). Latino will have to think about the workers of the employees of the enterprise as well. After the design plan, project tasks must be segregated among the workers or the labourers of the company according to their proficiency. The first phase of PRINCE2 implies that the projec t must be initiated according to the design plan proposed by the clients and the segregation of tasks among the employees as per their proficiency. The second phase represents the proper direction of the project in accordance with the proposal. The manager along with the workers must stay in touch with each other and should communicate with each other to provide the better service to he clients. The tasks must be segregated into multiple subtasks and then each of those subtasks must be accomplished within the set deadline (Nicholas and Steyn 2017). The managers and the labourers of the company must be ready for the consequences if any adversities occur within the enterprise, they must work on the issues and come to the solution and resolve the issues sooner. The first complaint regarding the defect of the equipment can be resolved by the aforesaid initiative. The second complaint that arouses is the improper follow up with the Latino Engineerings clients. The manager must stay in touch with their clients all the time. They must work in a proactive manner and should be responsive all the time. After taking up the task, the partial submission should be submitted to the clients, the clients' feedback is very important that can enhance the communication and the relationship with the clients, the clients can be assured that they are getting the quality service and Latino Engineering is always responsive. This can improve the reputation of the company (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). The clients demands must be granted and their problems should be given the priority as well. They can probably adopt the cloud technology and the IT services to facilitate the clients more. Again, they must consider the complaints regarding the project. The client may not be happy and satisfied with the product they get, in this case, the manager should take the ch arge and should analyse the complaint and should take the charge within twentyfour hours and should revert back the clients within this twenty-four hours. Latino Engineering must appoint a customer service team in their premises if possible to handle the simple queries that can take off the excess pressure from the managers and for this reason the managers can get time to handle the critical queries (Krysi?ski and Miller 2016). All these queries and the modifications made must be kept documented in digital form and the hard copy. PRINCE2s planning and the monitoring phase implies the clients feedback and also the progress of the project. The planning phase is correlated with the workings of the labour on the basis of the deliverables sent to the clients, the monitoring phase of PRINCE2 is correlated with the feedback coming from the clients and workings as per the clients' demands. The third major issue that gets aroused is the turnaround time for issue resolution. The manager should act responsibly and should revert within twenty-four hours time. The management team of Latino Engineering must reply back the clients within one day of the query raised by the company and that is with full responsibility. The managers and as well as the labourers of the company should act in a proactive manner, they should provide the service in an agile and effective manner (Vardy 2015). The rework sent by the clients must be taken into consideration and should be submitted sooner to the clients.al these modifications done must be documented and should be sent to the clients, this documentation will act as proof and can help them for the future projects. This ensures further that the clients' problems have solved. The PRINCE2 monitoring, planning and initiating phase implies that the third issue can be resolved accurately by PRINCE2 methodology (Svejvig and Andersen 2015). The in itiating phase implies that the initiation of the project as per the deliverables delivered to the clients. The planning phase is associated with the reworks or the fresh works given by the clients. The fourth major issue that has been faced by Latino Engineering and their clients is the non-responsive customer service team. Latino Engineering must embrace the IT services must embrace the cloud technology, this can help them to connect with the clients 24x7 all throughout day and night 24x7. Latino Engineering team must educate the customer service team with the required knowledge so that the clients can be catered with better customer service (Srivannaboon and Munkongsujarit 2016). The management team along with the managers of the company must keep in touch with the customer service team if any critical query arises then the managers must take the charge of the whole. The fifth major issue that arises can be resolved by the courier service team. The courier service they have planned to appoint can be a third party courier service team. The courier service team must be responsible to deliver the best service to the clients and should deliver correct mechanical parts to the corr ect clients. The courier service can even their own selected courier service team. They must take up the responsibility and should deliver the products to the clients within the time set without any delay (Karaman and Kurt 2015). The courier service team before the delivery must prepare a list and based on that they must make the schedule to deliver the products to the clients. In this way, the major issues can be faced and mitigated by the control measures and the control measures along with the continuous improvement plan will be discussed in the later part of the essay. Latino Engineerings clients have suffered a lot due to the delivery of defective engineering equipment manufactured by Latino Engineering (Coppola, D'Ambrogio and Gianni 2016). Latino Engineering does not follow the right strategy and the right path and for this reason, they have failed to meet the demands of the clients. They failed to hand over the best product to the clients. PRINCE2 can assist to provide the best plan, best procedure to start and direct the project. At first, the pricing of the project must be discussed and must be fixed. Then the proposals must be discussed with the clients to understand the project and the related tasks better, then thereafter the proposals must be analysed (Seymour and Hussein 2014). Later Latino Engineering must coney the list of deliverables based on the proposals and the deals made. Latino Engineering must start to work. Once again, Latino Engineering struggles to follow up with the clients. The introduction of PRINCE2 can help to check the issue aroused. The entire project must be segregated into subparts, after that each subpart must be examined, later that subpart must be hand over to the Latino clients company (Alvarez-Dionisi, Turner and Mittra 2016). For this reason, the Latino's clients must be assured that the project is in progress and the progress is fine and ok. Latino Engineering from the other side can be sure that the project can cater them the productivity they want, can cater them the facilities they want. The other issue that they face is related with a deadline. The project and the relevant tasks associated with the project if not completed within the deadline set by the clients, that can be a huge problem and that can seriously affect the reputation of the company (Joslin and Mller 2015). When the partial submission is made and deliver to the clients, the clients are not satisfied with the management team or the management body, so they must appoint an effective customer service team or they should take assistance from the third party customer service team. The customer service team must keep track of the feedbacks and must forward the same to the higher authority or the higher management (Turner and Hartley 2016). The negative feedbacks from the clients' ends must be taken into consideration and the managers must take the decisions accordingly if any critical issue occurs they themselves must handle the difficult situations. The minute issues should be solved by the customer service team, that is why they must have the knowledge of the mechanical parts and the mechanical parts. If any negative feedback occurs within the organization the managers must direct the labourers of the company to take the charge to make the entire rework (Cicmil and Gaggiotti 2017). The employees must reply to the clients that they are working on the rework and they will send the rework sooner. This makes the clients believe that their answer is heard upon. The clients can also be ensured that they have been given the priority and they will get the machinery p roduct within the stipulated deadline (Reynolds 2016). In this way, the reputation of the company can be embellished. The clients of Latino Engineering has also complained that they have got the defective items and the products are not up to the standard. The sendings of defective products can be due to the lack of coordination and communication efforts from Latino Engineering's end. The subtasks must be successfully finished and should be sent to the clients for the feedback or the reviews (Cicmil and Gaggiotti 2017). The reviews from the clients' ends are absolutely necessary as that can let them know that the products on which the employees are working are fine and they are satisfied means that Latino Engineering can continue with their work. The clients if not happy will send the rework and will propose new design and development on which the Latino Engineering employees will have to work upon. Therefore, it is important to track that the reviews coming from the clients and it must be assessed that the review is negative or positive, lesser number of negative reviews signifies that the workers a re working well and the management team can be satisfied and can be assured that they are on the right track and they can gain a lot by the project methodology approach they have taken (Dyb, Dingsyr and Moe 2014). The workforce employed by Latino Engineering must have the required knowledge to solve the queries of the clients. The managers should spread their helping hand in the time of need. The rework proposed by the clients must be performed according to the parameters set by the clients. The rework must be performed and then that should be sent back to the clients. The clients if not satisfied with the rework must query again and the employees responsibly should take action accordingly. The customers' satisfaction must be the area of concern (Basu 2014). The clients will be served until they are happy, in this way by enhancing the clients' shopping experience, Latino Engineering can get the competitive edge they want, this can help them in the long run in conducting business act ivities. The other complaint they receive is the shipment and delivery of wrong items. The clients have asked that they have got the wrong products which are not desirable and acceptable from such a reputed company. Latino Engineering must have the courier facility team which can assist them to ship the accurate products to the accurate clients. They have two options (Arnaut, Ferrari and e Souza 2016). The first option they can take is that they can seek help from the third party courier service facility, they are very much professional, they prepare a list of all the products they are going to ship and deliver, they verify the clients' address and the clients' details. They provide a scheduled deadline and within that deadline, they deliver the product. The clients, on the other hand, received the product and check and sign a document where it is written that they have received the products according to their wish and demands and the product is fine (Hughes et al. 2016). The third party cour ier service is that much professional. Latino Engineering now adopts this facility to solve this risk. They have the alternate option, they can appoint a courier service facility service for themselves too. The appointed courier service facility must be as efficient as the third party courier service. In this way, the whole project procedure can be concluded and along with that, the fifth issue can be resolved. The PRINCE2 methodology has the seven phases and the seven phases can prove fruitful to Latino Engineering and it can facilitate the continuous improvement plan of the company if they follow the methodology properly step by step (Refer to Appendix B). This widely used methodology can help to minimize the threats and the risks occurring within the enterprise. Latino Engineering consists of the phases following which their business operations can get enhanced a lot. The phases of the PRINCE2 model are starting up a project, directing a project, initiation of the project, planning, controlling, monitoring and lastly the closing of the project All these phases must be conducted step by step to achieve the best possible outcome. The starting up the project implies that the project must be started and must be continued as discussed with the clients (Brones et al. 2014). Latino Engineering must focus on building quality equipment for the oil and gas industry, they must focus on manufacturin g equipment for the utility industry, various industries have various kinds of demands and Latino Engineering must work according to their needs. The direction of the project involves that the proposed project undertaking must be segregated into multiple subtasks and after completion of each task, the task must be thoroughly examined and then are conveyed to both the clients and the top level management. If both of them give the green signal Latino Engineering must proceed through (Gonzlez-Marcos et al. 2016). The initiating of the project totally depend on the proposals made, the price fixed for the project and the on the contract made for the project. Based on the contract the deliverables are sent to the clients. If the deliverables get approved the workers must continue to work. Similarly, Latino Engineering must start working on the project based on the deliverables, the deliverables must contain all the details of the equipment needed for the project undertaken. The planning phase implies that the project is fine and the employees should proceed on the same. The successful project execution can be guaranteed if the test of those machinery products are successful and test results get approved by the managers and the clients (Eskerod and Huemann 2013). The controlling phase involves the preparation of a report on everyday workings of the project. The subtasks after being completed must be sent to both clients and the managers, a signoff from them will signify that the project is ok and Latino Engineering employees must proceed. The feedback is an important aspect of any industry and for any organization. It helps to know whether an organization is effectively working or not, it helps to know whether the clients are happy with the service or not, it also helps to know in which area they should improve. This Latino Engineering can be benefitted from the reviews and comments of the clients. The negative feedback must be considered and should work on as per clients demands to satisfy the clients and can retain the clients (Francis 2015). Thus PRINCE2 can prove to be effective for them to run their business. The closing phase implies that the project has been done in time with efficiency and the clients are happy with the project. The product has passed the test and is ready. It can be concluded from the above discourse that PRINCE2 via those seven phases can bring in a positive outcome for Latino Engineering. The major issues and the complains that have been addressed can be significantly minimized by the seven approach model. The issues that have been showcased in the essay are the manufacturing of defective parts or the manufacturing of products which do not impress the clients and they have rejected the product. This has occurred due to poor strategy or the negligence of the top level management. Again, the lack of communication with the clients is the serious issue which has been highlighted in the essay. The managers should keep in touch with the clients and always help them at any kind of queries or help, but they seemed to be non-responsive and the clients feel they have been neglected, Similarly, the customer service team failed miserably to keep up with the clients' requests. The delivery of the wrong products signifies the utter failure of the courier service as a whole. PRINCE2 adaptation can bring good to the company and Latino Engineering can regain the trust of the clients. The various aspects, as well as the benefits, have been showcased in the essay. References Alvarez-Dionisi, L.E., Turner, R. and Mittra, M., 2016. Global project management trends.International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM),7(3), pp.54-73. Arnaut, B.M., Ferrari, D.B. and e Souza, M.L.D.O., 2016, October. A requirements engineering and management process in concept phase of complex systems. InSystems Engineering (ISSE), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Basu, R., 2014. Managing quality in projects: An empirical study.International journal of project management,32(1), pp.178-187. Brones, F., de Carvalho, M.M. and de Senzi Zancul, E., 2014. Ecodesign in project management: a missing link for the integration of sustainability in product development?.Journal of Cleaner Production,80, pp.106-118. Cicmil, S. and Gaggiotti, H., 2017. Responsible forms of project management education: Theoretical plurality and reflective pedagogies.International Journal of Project Management. Coppola, D., D'Ambrogio, A. and Gianni, D., 2016. Bringing Model-based Systems Engineering Capabilities to Project Management: an Application to PRINCE2. InCIISE(pp. 6-15). Dyb, T., Dingsyr, T. and Moe, N.B., 2014. Agile project management. InSoftware project management in a changing world(pp. 277-300). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Eskerod, P. and Huemann, M., 2013. Sustainable development and project stakeholder management: what standards say.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,6(1), pp.36-50. Francis, L., 2015.The Influence of Project Management Office on Information Technology Project Success Case of National Microfinance Bank Plc(Doctoral dissertation, The Open University Of Tanzania). Gonzlez-Marcos, A., Alba-Elas, F., Navaridas-Nalda, F. and Ordieres-Mer, J., 2016. Student evaluation of a virtual experience for project management learning: An empirical study for learning improvement.Computers Education,102, pp.172-187. Hughes, D.L., Dwivedi, Y.K., Simintiras, A.C. and Rana, N.P., 2016. Project Management Processes and Practice. InSuccess and Failure of IS/IT Projects(pp. 45-55). Springer International Publishing. Joslin, R. and Mller, R., 2015. Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1377-1392. Karaman, E. and Kurt, M., 2015. Comparison of project management methodologies: prince 2 versus PMBOK for it projects.Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research,4(5), pp.657-664. Krysi?ski, M. and Miller, P., 2016. The Role of Conflict in Project Management in the PRINCE2 Methodology.Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsi?biorstwa, (6), pp.3-12. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2017.Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Reynolds, D., 2016. Are Project Managers Getting Better?.ITNOW,58(4), pp.10-11. Seymour, T. and Hussein, S., 2014. The history of project management.International Journal of Management Information Systems (Online),18(4), p.233. Sommer, A.F., Dukovska-Popovska, I. and Steger-Jensen, K., 2014. Barriers towards integrated product developmentChallenges from a holistic project management perspective.International Journal of Project Management,32(6), pp.970-982. Srivannaboon, S. and Munkongsujarit, S., 2016, September. Project management and project portfolio management in open innovation: Literature review. InManagement of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2016 Portland International Conference on(pp. 2002-2007). IEEE. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Turner, N. and Hartley, P., 2016. Managing and leading projects and project teams.Advancing Practice in Academic Development, p.225. Vardy, A., 2015. Prince2 Project Management For Beginners: The Ultimate Beginners Crash Course To Learn Prince2 Project Management Quickly And Easily. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons.

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Top Ten of the Ages essays Looking back through the ages has been an enlightening experience. I have found that the intellectuals of the time delved for a deeper meaning in all that is life. With the advances in science, the philosophers were at once able to substantiate their claims. We can call the eighteenth century the age of the enlightenment because it was both a culmination and a new beginning. New currents of thought were wearing down institutionalized traditions. New ideas and new approaches to old institutions were setting the stage for great revolutions to come. Throughout both the age of Enlightenment and the Romantic age, we see the Artist of the time searching for perfection, coupled with the quest for logic. Rating the art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature of the both ages and putting them into a list of the top ten seemed to be an insurmontable task, be here we have made a valient attempt. For the Enlightenment period, we chose Thomas Jefferson because even though he is more well-known for his political achievements, he was also a prominent architect. He used a form of neoclassical architectural representation when he designed the state capital of Richmond, Virginia. His architectural inspirations came from ancient Roman temples. Denis Diderot was the most prominently recognized and one of the most powerful writers of his time. His wrote the Encyclopedie which became known as The Analytical Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts.(Fiero, G.) It was the largest publication of works ever produced in the West. His work was a response to the rising literacy and to the widespread public interest in facts of everyday life.(Fiero, G.) William Hogarth and his engraving Gin Lane depicted the turmoil that was England at the time. Hogarth's concern with the state of the modern city, the dignity of professional women, and issues of theatricality, race, class, and taste predominated in his wo...

Human Resource Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Human Resource - Research Paper Example In hitting this goal, going through a continuous performance management system is significant. The first step is defining acceptable employee performance. We need to follow a certain flow of appraisal process to identify the performance of the employees. In defining the acceptable employee performance, we need to review the performance of each employee according to his job description. Using the specific job description, we can establish performance measures and standards. We need to establish performance standards that can describe what constitutes below-average, average, and above-average performance. Then identify the best and worst case scenarios to come up with realistic standards for measuring performance. After defining the performance of each employee, we can move on to facilitate the employee’s performance. One of the most important roles of Human Resource Department is to support the growth and development of each employee. The best tool in facilitating the employee’s performance is to provide guidelines for improvement. We could set guidelines that outline how long it should it take an employee to improve and what steps will be taken if the employee fails to show improvement. Create basic policies that will highlight the personal growth and development of employees. To motivate each employee in following the guidelines for improving performance, the company itself should also encourage them. Encouraging the employees for developing performance could be motivated in a form of reward. However considering that the company is currently facing financial crisis, we need to review the compensation package first. This also includes evaluating the commission packages, expenses covered, perks and necessity of onsite amenities that are currently covered. We have to take a look if the current compensation programs have met the requirements and expectations of the employees from the company. Finding out if

Why it is Important for those in the Criminal Justice field to have Research Paper

Why it is Important for those in the Criminal Justice field to have good character - Research Paper Example Various people who assist or serve in distinguished capacities of the criminal justice system include the judges, legislators, prosecutors, prison supervisors, police officers and advocates among others. They are all faced by challenging situations that put to test, their moral conduct, but have to take responsibility and execute their functions ethically. In a way, they hold a special position, which they can exploit to influence citizens, offenders, co-workers, and least themselves into having a sense of what is right and wrong. The public servants The criminal justice system is a central institution which any public member expresses some form of trust in. Citizens call the police for help and have their cases taken t to court because they have the confidence that those in these positions will serve them with loyalty, courage and honesty. According to Pollock, being a public servant in criminal justice field entails performing special duties involving the public trust; and as such they take oaths to be guardians of public interest (6). Their positions are those of leaders with a great impact on the public. The public looks at them with much expectation, to commit themselves to the assigned roles (whether to govern or guard the people) and do the right thing without taking advantage of them. It is a challenging job that requires refraining from unethical compromises in the field. However, despite the being paid from the public funds, some servants do not live to fulfill their promise and have been involved in corrupt acts and intimidation cases while on duty. These are people who have been entrusted with the public interests, but use their positions to enrich and serve themselves, which is an abuse of office. It would be unfair if the public is left to be led or served by servants who harass, deceive, and are unreliable or disloyal to them. As a public member, one would expect the police to arrest criminals and the judges to be available and decide with fairne ss, but not to free a criminal just because he is willing to part with a bundle of cash. Public servants ought to have exemplary standards, be reliable and available when needed, talk and exercise honesty with respect and without compromise. For the purpose of discretional powers The manner in which each one of them can make a decision in duty is fundamental. Those who work in the field have to make official decisions using their reasonable judgment and at least guided by the law in discharging of public duties. The decisions they make are arguably different, but in general, they involve power over others, whom they guard or govern. Good characters would lead them to make right decisions from the acceptable alternatives, instead of abusing the allotted discretional powers. In Article III and section 2of the US constitution, the judiciary is granted broad discretional powers that the jury can use while handling cases. Each is faced with choices; judges can approve or disapprove a cas e, police can arrest or release a suspect, legislators can point to legal or illegal behaviors punishable by law, and the correctional officers can either fail or offer counsel to the inmates, depending on how they use their discretional powers. However, the choices they make have to be within their powers, and free from third party influence, which calls for their good character. The decisions made have to be out of good faith, for proper and logical reasons after considering various issues or evidences (Ombudsman Western Australia â€Å"Guidelines: Exercise of discretion†). The public lies at the risk of being intimidated or even denied freedom by professionals who abuse their discretional powers in the field; to deny people their rights in the areas professionals’

Development of a Human Computer Interface

Development of a Human Computer Interface Abstract HCI(human computer interaction) has become one of the important aspect in human life. Signals generated from human body are biosignals and has huge potential to be used as an interface for human computer devices. Multiple devices are present that recognizes these boiosignals which is generated during muscle contraction and converting those signals into some command to be used as an input to the HCI devices. However, the task can be acquired through biosignals which forms a neural linkage with the computer techniques like Electro-Encephalogram(EEG), Electrooculogram(EOG), and Electromyogram(EMG). In past, there have been lots of studies wherein many researchers have used biosignals to control other device. EMG is hence, one of the least explored mechanism form of biosignal to be deployed in HCI and its studies are useful for neuromuscular system as certain diseases may slow down muscle contraction and muscle firing leading to paralysis of muscle. Keywords: EMG, HCI, biosignals, skeletal muscles, neural linkage. 1 Introduction HCI is the one of the research area that emerged in early 1980s, which has expanded rapidly it was previously known as a man- machine interaction. HCI focuses on the interface between user and the computer and deals with the design, execution and assessment of computer system and other related receptive that are for human use. Designing interactive computer systems to be effective, efficient, easy and enjoyable to use is important, so that people and society may realize the benefits of computation based devices [1]. The researchers observes the way human interacts with the computer system and design new technologies and interface that lets human and computers to interaction novel ways [2]. Some of the example of popular HCI techniques are image processing, speech recognition, bio signal processing etc. HCIs goal is to minimize the differences between the humans goal of what they want to achieve and the understanding level of computer to perform the task. It relates knowledge from bot h the human and machine side. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, people with different study areas contribute to its success. Figure 1 shows the areas where HCI can be implemented with distinctive importance. Fig.1. Disciplines contribute to HCI [3] EMG is an electro medical procedure for estimating and recording the electrical signals produced by skeletal muscle. EMG is performed using electromyography, to produce an electrical record or signal called electromyogram [4]. An electromyography detects the electric potential generated by skeletal muscle cells when these cells are activated electrically or neurologically. The EMG technology helps capture gestures as inputs for virtual joysticks, keyboards leading to new application in mobile computing etc [5]. This signal can also be analyzed to detect medical abnormalities, activation level, or biomechanics of human movement. The motor neurons of a human body transmit electrical signals that causes muscle to contract and an EMG translate this signals to graphs, sound or numerical values that can be interpreted by analyst. EMGs signal can be easily acquired using electrodes and it is of two types, dry electrode that is direct contact with the skin that records muscles activity from the surface above the muscle on the skin and require more than one electrode, because EMG recording displays the electric potential difference between two separate electrodes, second is gel or inserted EMG which can be performed using a electrolytic gel as a chemical interface between the skin and electrolyte [6]. A needle electrode and fine wire electrode is the example of inserted electrode. Needle electrode is used in clinical areas and the tip of the electrode is bare and used for the surface detection. Fine wire electrode they are easily implanted in and withdrawn from the skeletal muscles, and is less painful then needle electrode. Thus EMG has a variety of clinical and biomedical applications where it is used to diagnose neuromuscular disease and many other disorders of motor control. 2EMG Used for HCI Studies are being carried out for the use of EMG signals inorder to identify disabilities as a significant number of individuals are suffering from severe motor disabilities, due to variety of causes, such as Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Amythorphic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and so on [7]. Therefore, EMG signal are not only used for identifying neuromuscular disorder but can also be as a control signals for prosthetic devices [8]. It is the least explored compared to others biosignals like EEG, EOG etc. EMGs are natural means of HCI because the electrical signals induced by human muscle movement during its contraction represents nueromuscular movement that can be interpreted and transformed into computers control command. EMG signals can be used for a number of applications including clinical applications, HCI and interactive computer gaming. Basically EMG can be used to sense isometric muscular activity which does not transalate into movement thus making it possible to classify subtle mo tionless gestures and to control interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment [9]. The EMG signal have different signatures i.e, two peoples gesture might be identical but their characteristics EMG signals are different interms of their age, muscle development skin fat layer and gesture style. One of the problem of EMG is its signal contains a different type of noise that are caused by equipment noise, electromagnetic radiation etc and hence preprossing is needed to filter out the unwanted noise in EMG signal. 3Related works Researchers have worked on regarding how EMG signal is used to command some other devices like prosthetic arm, robots or enabling people with certain disabilities. These are shown in following paper. In 1996 Yasuharu Koike et.al, [10] developed a human interface employing a model of an arm, robot control of an artificial hand, and the learning of motion capability. The aim of this paper was to construct a complete forward dynamics model of the human arm by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The model has the ability to learn physiological recordings of EMG signals for simultaneous measurement of movement. In 2000 Alsayegh et.al, [11] proposed an EMG based signal where EMG signal is limited to three arm muscles (medial Deltoid) MD, (anterior deltoid) AB, (biceps brachii) BB that was able to recognize 12 arm gestures. The processing of EMG signal is based on arm gestures having unique temporal coordination. The classification technique used is context dependent classification within the framework of Bayes theorem. Not only the unique arm gesture by using EMG signal was developed there were various researchers working in the field of EMG for the people suffering with motor disabilities like hand paralysis, leg paralysis etc. In 2004 Jong sung kim et.al, [12] proposed a natural means of human computer interaction induced by human arms muscle movement and the generated EMG signal to be used as computer commands control. The paper developed an online EMG MOUSE system that controls movement of the cursor, which are interpretation of 6 pre-defined motions, up, down, left, right, click and rest. A Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network (FMMNN) is used as a classifier. In 2005 Inhyuk Moon et.al, [13] proposed a novel wearable EMG based HCI for the wheelchair user with severe motor disabilities caused by C4 and C5 spinal cord injury. The EMG signal is acquired by left, right and both shoulder elevation motion. EMG wearable device directly generates MAV (Mean Average Value) signal from raw EMG. The MAV signal is converted to digital data using AD converter embedded in a high speed microcontroller. The recognized result is sent to the wheelchair controller via Bluetooth communication module. The following year one more paper regarding people suffering from motor disabilities was presented. In 2006 Ki-Hong Kim et.al, [14] developed an interface that relies on EMG signal acquired from human face during contraction of muscle. Electrodes are placed around forehead, cheeks and eyes. The subject was made to perform some actions like blinking of eyes, clenching of teeth, wrinkling of forehead and frowning. The signal is acquired and analyzed using LPC (Linear Prediction Coefficient) and LPC entropy were calculated to find the characteristics information contained in the measured signal. For pattern recognition Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used. Same year some were working on hand gesture recognition. In 2006 Ganesh R Naik ei.al, [15] proposed an approach to identify hand gestures using muscle activity separated from electromyogram using ICA (Independent Component Analysis). The aim of the experiment in this paper was to test the use of ICA for separation of the EMG signals for the purpose of identifying hand gestures and actions. After the recognition of hand gestures and enabling motor disabilities, in 2008 JonghwaKim et.al, [16] proposed modification of a RC car that is controlled by users hand signs, instead of using remote control unit. The interfacing system first calculates relevant features in the EMG signal of four hand signs, classifies the hand signs into the four classes, and assigns the result to certain steering commands for the RC car. For feature extraction RMS was used calculated by observing last 16 incoming values. For classification KNN and Bayes theorem was combined using decision tree and purpose a control the car via PC. Similarly in 2009 Jun-Ru Ren et.al, [17] studied an Electromyogram Based on HCI. This paper showed a control system using forearm electromyography that is proposed for computer peripheral control and artificial prosthesis control. The system intends to realize the commands of six pre defined hand poses i.e. up, down, left, right, yes and no. Power spectral density (PSD) is used to measure signal power intensity and for classifier the Bayesian classifier is used for extracting feature. In the same year Ahsan et.al, [9] classified EMG signal techniques to help improve interface for disabled people. This paper discusses various methodologies and techniques for interpreting EMG signal. Researchers extended their study to multistep EMG classification in 2010 Armando Barreto et.al, [19] proposed a system that can effectively help disabled people from the neck down to interact with computer or communicate with people through computers using point and click graphic interfaces. The EMG signal is generated using facial muscle with a corresponding cursor movement command. In 2011 surface EMG has attracted an attention of researchers for interface signal. Ishii et.al, [20] studied about myoelectric prosthetic in which arm/hand gesture is distinguished by identification of the surface Electromyogram. For identification of motion neural network is used. In 2012 Takeshi Tsujimura et.al, [21] studied Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. The purpose of this paper was to design an uncomplicated system to identify finger motion and to develop innovative HMI. This paper also distinguishes the hand signs by analyzing the forearm EMG signals. It relies on the proposition that the specific muscles of forearm work even if fingers are moved. Researchers studied through multichannel surface EMG signals and in 2014 Han Li et.al, [4] showed HCI system Based on the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition based on the feature extraction, identification, classification and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. In this paper, the four different gestures can be distinguished accurately to complete the real-time interactive process. The experimental results show that the HCI system based on SEMG has high accuracy. Auto regression method is used for analysis of SEMG signal and the classification is done using back propogation technique. In 2015 Ahmed Mehaoua et.al, [18] designed a novel EMG based system that aims to control multimedia player in simple, efficient and flexible manner. The objective of this paper was to provide efficient control system seeking to simplify the life of hand amputee persons by allowing them to control media player through EMG signals generated by muscle activation from forearm contraction. The electrical potential generated allows start, stop a video or switching between a set of media. For detecting muscle contraction four steps is used rectification, filtering, linear envelop and onset contraction and turns the signal into usable form. After detection of muscle contraction, system was enhanced by adding commands like start, stop, previous, next and pause. 4Summary of Survey The survey paper focuses on evaluation and detection of an EMG signal and use of this system for real time. There are many classification methodologies and artificial intelligence techniques based on neural network to classify EMG signal. Some of the techniques are ANN, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) etc. 4.1. Back Propagation Neural Network Back propagation algorithm is applied on the multichannel SEMG [18] of the hand gesture recognition based on the featureextraction and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. BP neural network contains three parts: the BP neural network building, the BP neural network traning and the BP neural network classification.BP neural network building is determined according to the input and output charasteristics of the system structure of the BP neural network. The number of the AR (auto regression) model coefficientof input vector is 16 and the number of the output is 4,so theinput layer has 16 nodes and the output layer has 4 nodes. 4.2. Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network Jong-Sung Kim [12] applied fuzzy mean max neural network (FMMNN) as a classifier for online EMG mouse that controls computer cursor. Also, stochastic values such as integral absolute value were used as features for an appropriate classification of the intended wrist motions. 6 predefined wrist motions to left, right, up, down, click and rest operation were determined. 4.3. Hidden Markov Model Ki-Hong Kim [14] developed an interface using EMG signal from human face.For pattern recognition HMM comprised three states and two Gaussian mixtures per state is employed which is used as a classifier. The standalone interface system was implemented and the subject (people as volunteers) were able to make the wheelchair turn left, right, forward and backward by simple action provided by them. Classification is done by comparing the likelihood values of an arbitrary feature sequence evaluated from four HMMs, HMML, HMMR, HMMF, and HMMB for left, right, forward, and backward, respectively, and selecting the model with the maximum value. 4.4. Bayes Network Alsayegh et.al, [11] presented an EMG-based human-machine interface system that interprets arm gestures in the 3-dimensional (3D) space. Gestures are interpreted by sensing the activities of three muscles, namely, anterior deltoid (AD), medial deltoid (MD), and biceps brachii (BB) muscles. The problem of gesture classification is carried out in a framework of the statistical pattern recognition. The processing of the EMG signals utilizes the temporal coordination activity of the monitored muscles to identify a particular gesture. The classification procedure is carried out by constructing successive feature vectors for each gesture. These feature vectors describe the gestures temporal signature. This type of classification is referred to as the context-dependent classification, which is carried out in this study within the framework of Bayes theorem. The development of an EMG based interface for hand gesture recognition is presented by Jonghwa Kim et.al, [16]. For realizing real-time classification assuring acceptable recognition accuracy, they introduced the combination of two simple linear classifiers (K-nearest neighbour (KNN) KNN and Bayes) in decision level fusion. Table 1 provides the summary of the survey in accordance with the methodologies used in various papers. It provides the description of the success rate resulted by the use of classification techniques. Table 1.Summary of major methods used for EMG classification Classifier used Title Researchers Description Back Propagation Neural Network Human computer interaction system design based on surface EMG signals. Han Li , Xi Chen, et.al, (2014) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢93% success rate in the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Auto-regressive model method is used. Hidden Markov Model A practical biosignal-based human interface applicable to the assistive systems for people with motor impairment. Ki-Hong Kim et.al (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢97% success rate in developing an interface using human face. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Subject was able to turn left, right, forward and backward. Fuzzy Min Max Neural Network A new means of HCI: EMG-mouse. Jong-sung Kim et.al, (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Stochastic values such as integral absolute values were used as feature extraction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Six distinctive wrist motions can be classified well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Pattern recognition rate of each wrist motions is above 90%. Bayes Network A practical EMG-based human-computer interface for users with motor disabilities. Alsayegh et.al,(2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢classification is done in a framework of statistical pattern recognition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢classification rate reported was 96%. EMG-based hand gesture recognition for realtime biosignal interfacing. Jonghwa Kim et,al, (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢K-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) classifier added with Bayes to obtain good result à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Average classification rate reported was over 94%. 5Conclusion Developing better human computer interface will help improve quality of life of people suffering from physical disabilities. EMG signal is one of the natural technique that captures electrical signals from human body for the use of HCI and provides an interface for human and computer to interact appropriotely. This survey paper focuses on the work of various researchers, the methodologies used for the classification of EMG signal. Therefore, it can be concluded from the survey of various paper that neural network has been used as a prominent classification technique of EMG signal for HCI. For future works new and more enchanced classification techniques can be developed besides neural network, a work can be done in creating light weight EMG signal, multiclass hand process and on-line processing. References Dix, A.: Human-computer interaction. (pp. 1327-1331). Springer US (2009) Andurkar, A. G., Andurkar, R. G.: Human-computer interaction. 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Z.: A study of Electromyogram based on human-computer interface. Journal of electronic science and technology of China, 7(1), 69-73, (2009) Hammi, M. T., Salem, O., Mehaoua, A.: An EMG-based Human-Machine Interface to control multimedia player. In: E-health Networking, Application Services (HealthCom), 2015 17th International Conference on (pp. 274-279). IEE, (2015, October). Ren, P., Barreto, A., Adjouadi, M.: Multi-step EMG classification algorithm for human-computer interaction. In: Innovations in Computing Sciences and Software Engineering (pp. 183-188). Springer Netherlands, (2010) Ishii, C.: Recognition of Finger Motions for Myoelectric Prosthetic Hand via Surface EMG. INTECH Open Access Publisher, (2011) Tsujimura, T., Yamamoto, S., Izumi, K.: Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES, 309, (2012)